Introduction of Indian Road India is a very vast country and where the economic development of the country mainly depends upon its Transportation. The road is one of the most important modes of transport in India. Road plays a very crucial role in the overall development of the country. The Road network of India is…
Introduction to Levelling Levelling is one of the most important parts of surveying before starting the construction of roads, dams, or any other structures. It is a branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of the elevation of the point with respect to the datum level above or below the surface of the ground….
What Is Dressing of Stone? Dressing of stone is a process of providing a proper shape, size and smooth finish to the rough-surfaced broken stone which is collected from a quarry. This process is done by either hand tools or machinery. Hand tools are used as a pickaxe, chisel etc. The stone dressing process is…
What Is Injection Grouting? Injection Grouting is defined as the process of filling the cracks, and voids under pressure in the structural members for repairing the cracks and strengthening the damaged or deteriorated masonry structures. In the process of grouting, the cracks and the voids are get filled with the help of grouting material which…
What is Bridge? A Bridge, a connecting structure, create bonding between different disconnected parts of a country, two banks of the ocean, or parts of two countries. Also Read: What Is Super Elevation? | Superelevation Definition | Purpose of Providing Superelevation in Roads | Calculation of Superelevation in Roads | Minimum and Maximum Superelevation in Roads…
What Do You Mean by Skeleton Frame? A skeleton frame is a framed structure often used for the construction of multi-story buildings. It incorporates a network, or system, of columns and connecting beams that support the building’s interior floors and exterior walls and carries all loads to the foundations. There are different types of framed…
What Is Plasticizer In Civil? Plasticizers us in concrete for the workability, Strength, and Durability of concrete. Plasticizer in concrete for Water-reducing admixtures usually reduces the required water content for a concrete mixture by about 5 to 12 percent. The use of water-reducing admixtures is defined as Type A in ASTM C 494. The WRA…
Introduction of Beam The Beam is the horizontal structural member which is used to resist the loads which are applied laterally to the axis. Beams are generally used to support on one or more points and the effective length of the beam between two ends supports is known as the span of the beam. In…
What Is Bridge? A bridge is a system for transporting road traffic and perhaps other moving loads across a deep gorge or obstacle, including a river, a canal, a road, or a railroad. Throughout ancient times, the first bridges are built across small streams only with aid of trees down or togs of wood. Subsequently,…
What Is Honeycomb In Concrete? This takes place when the mortar doesn’t fill the distance between the coarse aggregate particles. The presence of honeycomb indicates that the first stage of consolidation hasn’t yet been completed at these locations. Where it shows on the surface, it is necessary to chip out the area and make a…
What Is Dampness? The most common source of dampness is due to the capillary attraction of sub-soil water in the foundation and walls of the building. Water can penetrate the masonry through faulty sills, bad workmanship, etc. and hence in buildings, a layer of water repellent material called damp proof course (DPC) is introduced, which acts as a barrier…
Introduction of Bond Beam Block vs Lintel Block: Bond beam is a horizontal structural element that is generally provided above the brickwork to strengthen the wall. In this article, you will get to know about the Bond beam blocks and lintel blocks. What Is a Bond Beam? The Bond beam blocks are the horizontal concrete masonry units. The bond…
What Is Stone Masonry? The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed stone masonry. Where the stones can be found in abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as walls, columns, tooting, arches, beams, etc. Stone…
The network technique is a major advance in management science. This technique is based on the basic characteristics of all projects, that all work must be done in well-defined steps. For example, for completing a foundation, the various steps are (1) Layout, (ii) Digging, (iii) Placing Sideboards, and (iv) Concreting. The network technique exploits this…
History of Gypsum Plaster Gypsum plaster has been used as an interior wall and ceiling finish for thousands of years throughout the world. You may be surprised to learn that gypsum plaster was used to finish the interior walls of the massive pyramids of Giza in Egypt built around 2,500 BC, 4,500 years ago. In…
What Is M Sand? Manufactured sand (M-Sand) is an additional river sand for concrete structures. Manufactured sand is created as rigid granite stone by crushing. The crushed sand is of cubical form with grounded boundaries, washed, and classified as a building material. The extent of manufactured sand (M-Sand) is a reduced amount of 4.75 mm….
What Is a Slab? Slabs are structural elements manufactured from concrete constructed to produce flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors, roofs, and bridges. The slab is usually several inches hefty & is additionally supported by walls, concrete beams are usually cast monolithically with the slab, by steel beams, by columns, or anchored by the…
What Is Sand? Sand could be a blend of bijou grains of rock & granular materials, which is distinctly defined by size, being more admirable than gravel & coarser than silt. Sand is composed of erosion or broken pebbles & weathering of rocks, which are toted away by seas or rivers & chilling & defrosted…
Which Test Gives a Better Estimation of the Friction Angle? Usually, the economics of the project dictates the type of test you would use for the determination of the friction angle. Nonetheless, the best test to determine the friction angle of soil is the one that is more analogous to the problem at hand. For…
What Is Sewerage? A sewerage system, or waste product assortment system, maybe a mesh of pipes, pumping stations, and appurtenances that convey waste stuff from its points of origin to a degree of treatment and disposal. What Is a Storm Drain? A storm drain, storm sewer, surface water drain/sewer, or storm-water drain is an infrastructure…
What Are Defects in Painting? Painting is one of the important finishing works used in structural construction in Civil Engineering. Painting creates a coat-like formation that prevents attacks from various atmospheric factors like cold, heat, frost, rainfall, etc. But there are also some defects which are found in painting, those defects are- Types of Defects…
With climate change upon us, we are counting on engineers like you to help save the planet so no pressure. Environmental engineering is a broad topic and covers a range of scientific and engineering areas that are dedicated to reducing waste and pollution while improving environmental conditions for all of us. It deals with innovative…
What Is Consistency of Cement? Any Cement paste requirement of minimum water in cement paste to initiate the chemical reaction. This chemical reaction calls the consistency of cement. This method calls the consistency of cement test. What Is the Initial Setting Time of Cement? Initial setting time of cement: Casting cement past in any mold…
Introduction of Glass Block Floor Glass blocks are one of the unique construction materials which were developed in 1900. The main function of the Glass block is to provide the natural light of the sunlight. Glass blocks are generally made smaller and significantly thicker. Glass blocks are also known as glass bricks. Glass block is…
What Is Reinforced Brick Masonry? Reinforced brick masonry is totally different from the normal method of brick masonry. The reinforced brick masonry consists of brick masonry which has Steel reinforcement embedded in the mortar. Reinforced brick masonry is brickwork that is strengthened by using mild steel iron mesh or bars which are known as Reinforced…
Introduction of Slab Construction The concrete slab is a horizontal surface of a residential building or commercial building, factory, flat, etc. The thickness of the steel-reinforced slab is near about 100-500mm. These types of slabs are used for ceiling and floor purposes. Less thin slabs are used to construct exterior paving. Sometimes in a domestic…
Introduction of Vitrified Tiles Tiles are one of the most important parts of the interior of the building. Tiles give a smooth and plane surface to the interior of the buildings. Tiles enhance the beauty of the floors in the interior of the structure. There are different types of tiles for the house available in…
Introduction of Shyam Steel Industries Ltd. Shyam Steel Industries Ltd started its journey in 1953 with a small factory in Howrah, West Bengal which is now one of the leading TMT Bar Manufacturers & Supplier in India. Shriram Beriwal, the founder-director of Shyam Steel always dreamt of contributing to the greater good of our society….
Roller Compacted Concrete Roller Compacted Concrete also known as RCC. Roller Compacted Concrete takes its name from the construction method used to build it. It’s placed with conventional or high-density asphalt paving equipment, then compacted with rollers. Roller-compacted concrete has the same basic ingredient as conventional concrete: cement, water, and aggregates, such as gravel or…
What Is Plaster? This is the process of covering rough walls, uneven surfaces in the construction house, and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar. Sometimes, the term ‘rendering’ is used instead of plastering when the plaster or cement is applied to the external surface of the wall either to improve the…
Aggregates Aggregates are inert granular, substances like either sand gravel or crushed stone which are an important component in concrete, alongside water and portland cement. Aggregates must be pure, hard, solid particles free from ingested chemicals or adhesives of clay as well as other fine materials for a good concrete mix that could trigger the…
What Is Mix Design of Concrete? Concrete mix design involves a process of preparation in which a mix of ingredients creates the required strength and durability for the concrete structure. The ingredients to be tested: are water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate, cement, chemicals, reinforcement, and soil. Nominal Mix The nominal mix specifies the fixed…
What Is Seasoning of Timber? The wood spice process is the process by which the moisture in the wood is reduced to the required level. By reducing the moisture content, strength, elasticity, and durability properties are developed. A well-seasoned wood contains 15% moisture content. It is a process by which the amount of moisture in…
What Is Unit Weight? The ratio of the weight of a material to its volume is its unit weight, sometimes termed specific weight or weight density. The unit weight of water, γw, is 9.81 kN/m3 in the SI system and 62.4 lb/ft3 in the English system. What Is Density? The term density is used herein…
Joints of Stone Masonry The construction which is done with the help of stones and bonded together with mortar is known as Stone Masonry. Stone Masonry is widely used where the stones are available in abundance. The stone masonry is the type of masonry construction which is done with stones and cement mortar. Stone Masonry…
Introduction of WPC Board Vs. Plywood The Interior of the structure plays a vital role in improving the aesthetical value of your home. So it is very important that you should choose one of the best materials for the interiors. There are various materials available in the market for the Interior design of the home…
Introduction of Dry Pack Mortar Dry pack mortar is simply a mixture of cement, sand, and water in the appropriate proportion. Dry pack mortar is also known as deck mud or floor mud. Dry pack mortar is used for repairing the concrete cracks and filling up the deep holes in the concrete. What Is Dry…
Introduction to Shell Structure Nowadays there is a need for construction of the buildings which are in closed-form structures. The main purpose of constructing the Shell Structure that it will cover a larger area of the building. The construction of shell structures is gaining popularity in areas where there is a high risk of earthquakes….
Introduction of Gravity of Dam The Gravity dam is defined as a structure that is designed and constructed such that the own weight of the gravity dam resists the external forces. The Gravity dam is most durable and solid which requires very less maintenance. The Gravity dam is constructed from masonry or concrete. Gravity dams…
What Is Brick Masonry? It is constructed by placing the bricks in the mortar in an orderly manner to produce solid loads, which withstand excessive loads. There are a number of types of bricks and mortars that can be used to manufacture brick masonry. Bonding in brick masonry, which adheres to bricks simultaneously, is constructed…
What Is Flyover? Flyovers, over a flyover, underpasses, overpasses, etc. are some examples of engineering marvels that allow for the effort of people and saving of time, vehicles, and even trains. Normally flyover is made over water bodies like rivers, but bridges are meant to provide the roadway for pedestrians and even vehicles over a…
What is CBR Test? CBR Test Full Name is California Bearing Ratio (CBR) In the year 1930, this test was developed by the California Division of Highways around 1930 and was consequently accepted by several states, nations, the U.S. federal agencies, and worldwide. As a result, in the US, most agency and commercial geotechnical laboratories…
What Is Quarrying of Stones? You must have heard the words mine and quarry. The operations of taking out the materials from the ground at great depths are known as mining, whereas in the case of the quarry, the operations for taking out the match (Stone) are carried out at ground level in an exposed…
What Is Orthographic Projection? Orthographic views consist of one, two, or more separate aspects of an object taken from different directions & different sizes, generally at right angles to each other and arranged in a definite manner. These views collectively describe the object. Orthographic views of any purpose can be represented by any one of…
What Is Foundation? All engineered construction work resting on the earth must be carried by some interfacing element called a foundation. The foundation is part of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying rock and soil the loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight. The resulting soil stresses except at the…
What is Soft Flooring? Soft flooring is defined as a secondary floor to some extent sort of hard flooring. The adding of the extremely elastic sheet decreases footfalls in addition quiets the sound to a excessive amount as associated to a solitary distinctive hard floor. It is a very widespread choice and is extensively accepted…
What Is a Buttress Dam? The buttress dam is a variation or improvisation of the Gravity Dam. Buttresses are just like concrete walls that are built parallel to the flow of water with such a prescribed thickness at frequent intervals. An arch slab or angled deck slab is installed on such buttresses to sustain upstream…
What Is a Low-E Glass? Low-E Glass full name Low-Emissivity Glass, glass was created to minimize the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light that comes through your glass, without minimizing the amount of light that enters your home. Low-E glass windows have a microscopically thin coating that is transparent and reflects heat. The coating is…
What is the Soundness of Cement Test? The soundness of the cement test Changes in volume after completion of the mold cast. After casting, the change of volume of molded cement test, this changing called the soundness of the cement test. Relevant IS Code: IS 4031 Part 3 Two methods may determine the soundness of…
What Is Varnish? Varnishes are very much translucent substances that had a safe surface layer in almost the same manner that paints do. At about the same period, they cause the actual layer to be viewed and then apply a shiny as well as glossy finish. Essentially, these varnishes have the very same ingredients as…
Difference Between Timber And Wood: What What Is Wood? Wood is a tough and fibrous substance which forms a major portion of the branches and trunk of a tree. In addition, it can be defined as a natural polymeric material which practically does not age. Wood, as a construction material, falls in two major categories…
Introduction of Stepped Footing The main function of the foundation is to give support to the Structures and transmit the superimposed load of the Structures in the underneath strata. Generally, it is recommended to construct Foundation on the flat or smooth surface of the ground. There are some sites where the flat surface is not…
What Is Weirs? Weir is characterised as a barrier through which water flows into an open channel. The edge or surface on which the water runs is called the crest. The overflowing water layer is the water table. If the nappe is discharged into the air, the weir gets a free discharge. If the discharge…
What Is Sealing Brick Work? Although brick is hard and sturdy, however, it is additionally abysmally porous, thus it will absorb water and over time, water absorption can cause crumbling and cracking within the brick. A sealer can be applied with a roller if no pump sprayer is procurable. Solvent-based sealers are most popular for…
Types of Cement and Their Use Mainly cement is classified into two categories based on setting time and hardening; those categories and uses are written below: [su_table responsive=”yes” alternate=”no”] Name of the Cement Uses 1. Hydraulic Cement: Heavy construction places. Bridges and culverts. Walls, floor, stairways. Footing and foundations. An abutment wall. In retaining wall, seal wall. Tower substructure construction. Sewer construction. Monolithic concrete houses and concrete block houses….
What Is Mortar? Mortar is a mixture in varying proportions of binding material like cement or lime and an inert material like sand or surkhi (crushed burnt brick) or crushed stone mixed with water. According to requirement, definite quantities of cementing material, sand, or surkhi, and water is added and thoroughly mixed to make a…
Bearing Capacity Definitions Bearing capacity: It is the loading capacity of the soil. Ultimate bearing capacity (qu): That is the least gross pressure that will result in the shear collapse of the supporting soil directly below the foundation. Net ultimate bearing power (qun): it is the net strain that can be added to the foundation…
Abbreviation, Full Forms, and Terminology. [su_table responsive=”yes” alternate=”no”] Name Description ASTM American society for testing materials C/C Center to center distance DL Development length Sub-structure Structure which is below the ground level Super-structure Structure which is above ground level Elevation View which we can see when we stand right in front of the structure on any…
Difference Between Heartwood and Sapwood The main difference between the heartwood and the sapwood is that the heartwood is deadwood, interior, while the sapwood is the outermost portion of a wood that is alive. Hardwood vs sapwood In addition, the heartwood occupies a large part of the transversal area of the wood, while the sapwood…
Introduction of Mat Foundation Vs Spread Footing Mat foundation is also called a raft foundation. Generally, it is a continuous slab laying on the soil on which all the columns and beams of the structure are constructed. By the mat foundation, all load of the building or structure is transferred to the soil. Where the…
Silt and clay both are the result of the chemical as well as a physical breakdown of the minerals which are present in the rock. Both silt and clay are classified as fine-grained soils. Here, In this article, you will get to know the difference between silt and clay. What Is Silt? Silt is a…
What Is Frost Wall? The Frost wall or frost-protected wall structure is built to keep soil below the building against freezing to secure the foundations in freezing conditions. The Types of frost walls, their specifications, and applications are addressed. The frosting is a significant problem for buildings in colder climates. These undesirable results are more…
What Is Plate Load Test? The Plate Load Test is a field method to identify the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil as well as the possible settlement under such a specified load. In essence, the test consists of taking a rigid plate only at the base level then deciding the settlement relating from each…
What Is Isolated Foundation? Isolated foundations are structural components often used to distribute and deliver loads of individual columns to the soil and without exhausting its bearing capacity, in addition to avoiding undue settling and as well as ensuring sufficient protection against both slipping and trying to overturn. These are often used in the presence…
What Is Tunel? Tunnels are artificial underwater tunnels that are built without damaging the surface of the earth. The tunnels are underwater passageways used mostly for transport purposes. They may be used to transport freight and travellers, water, sanitation, respectively. Tunnels are often more efficient than open cuts over a certain depth. Tunnels prevent disruption…
What Is Stone? Stones were some of the essential construction materials in civil engineering. Stones are formed of rocks that comprise the crust of the earth and therefore have no regular shape or chemical composition and are mixes of 2 or even more minerals. The mineral is a material produced by an inorganic materials mechanism…
Introduction of Coarse-Grained Soils Vs Fine-Grained Soils Soil is one of the most important components which should be check and tested before doing any kind of construction on the site. As a civil engineer, it is very necessary that you should know the difference between coarse-grained soils and fine-grained soil so that you can design…
Introduction of Calculate Steel in Rcc Slab The slab is one of the most important structural elements in the construction of buildings. Many of us are confused that how to calculate steel in RCC slab. In this article, we will get to know about the step-by-step procedure to calculate steel in RCC slab. A slab…
What Is Vacuum Concrete? Vacuum concrete is that type of concrete where the extra water is removed for increasing the strength of concrete. A small part of concreting part is constructing by vacuum concrete of slab and walls; then, we need to maintain the water-cement ratio 0.5-0.65. If we remove the excess water and air…
What Is Earthen Dam? The dam which is constructed fulfilled by the earth is known as the earthen dam. The earthen dam is constructed by different layers of soil. The layers of the soil of the earthen dam are then compacted by sheep’s foot rollers, tamping rollers, heavy pneumatic tired rollers, earth-hauling equipment, or vibratory…
What Is Inverted Arch Footing? The Inverted Arch Footing is built in areas where the carrying or bearing capacity of the soil is very low and the load of the building is concentrated on the walls and digging is not possible. This is not a typical type of foundation. Inverted Arch Footing is built between…
Introduction of Structural Loads Structural analysis is a salient feature of a design of buildings as structural loads can typically cause stress, deformation, and displacement which might result in structural failure. What Are Structural Loads? Loads are generally the forces that can cause stresses, deformations, or accelerations. There are an ample range of distinct kinds…
Definition of Kelly Clamp Kelly clamp is defined as a vertically movable pinch clamp fastened to a graduated stick to allow the interpretation of the penetration depth of the kelly ball. These are clamped only at top of the device prior to the experiment then dropped to interact with the edge of the tower until the…
What Is Composite Masonry? Composite masonry is the one that is constructed out of two or more types of building units or of different types of building materials. When walls are constructed with two or more types of building materials it is term as composite masonry. It makes the used of locally available materials to obtain…
What Is a Concrete Surface Retarder? Surface retarders, also know surface “deactivators,” are applied to fresh concrete to chemically delay the set of the surface mortar. Unlike concrete set retarders, they allow the rest of the concrete to cure normally, without affecting the setting rate or strength gain. Because surface retarders work their magic by…
Which of the Following Is a Way That Slopes Fail? The large block falls from cliffs. Rocks, soil, sediment & ice slide deep down hillsides. Pieces of rock accumulated on Talus slope until angle became too steep. Soil & other loose materials can flow rapidly down-slopes, forming debris flows. All of these. Types of Slope…
Introduction of PRE Engg Building The Steel industry is growing rapidly all over the world. Steel is widely used Building material in the construction industry. Nowadays steel structures getting more popularity because of its economy and faster construction. The owner of the example of steel structure is PEB building. In this article, you will get…
What Is Pier? These Piers provide vertical supports for spans at intermediate of different points and perform both main functions: transferring vertical superstructure loads to the foundations and resisting horizontal forces acting on this bridge. Although piers are designed to resist vertical loads, it is becoming common to design piers to resist high lateral loads…
What Is Flyover? A Flyover is a bridge that carries one railroad or road over another. Flyover can also be described as an overpass or a high road bridge that crosses a highway or intersection. The difference between the Bridge and Flyover is depending on the purpose of its use and the location where it…
Introduction of Pile Cap The pile cap is a type of thick concrete mat-like structure which rests on the pile (timber or concrete) which gives a stable foundation to the whole system. This concrete pile cap transfers the entire load of the superstructure to the into the piles, which gives you a stable bearing capacity….
What Is Diversion of Headworks (Rivers)? For direct irrigation from the river, a structure constructed across a river to raise the water level is known as diversion headwork. It divers the required supply into the offtaking canal of the river. Purposes of Diversion Headworks (Rivers) Here, the list for putpoes of diversion headworks are as…
Structural Audit Definition Structural Audit can be defined as a very important approach to understanding the distress level or condition of any existing civil engineering structure or a building. The initially specialized technique used to inspect a building or a civil engineering structure to evaluate its general health is known as Structural Audit. Doing a…
Introduction of a Suspension Bridge Suspension bridges are one of the most popular choices in Bridge construction nowadays, due to the numerous advantages a suspension bridge provides over other bridge structures. As the name indicates, a suspension bridge is the one in which the bridge deck slab suspends between two towers, or in other words,…
Kani’s Method Structural analysis is one of the most important parts of civil engineering. The construction of high rise buildings and multi-storey buildings are increasing day by day. The high rise building requires the perfect analysis of frames and different structure of members features has a number of joints. Kani’s method was developed by Gasper…
Water is a crucial asset – without it, we simply would not survive. Every day we use it, and most of it is collected as sewage. Wastewater can be classified into two categories: black water and grey water. Although both are wastewater, they have different levels of contamination, which is why they must be treated…
What Is Stainless Steel? Stainless steel is the form a steel alloy with a chromium content of 11.5 percent by weight. Owing to the sufficient amount of chromium in stainless steel, the steel product doesn’t often rust, scratch nor corrode. Probably due to this function, the specific type of steel is known as corrosion-resistant steel….
What Is Cantilever? Cantilever is basically a structural element that extends horizontally and has supported at only one end. The cantilever is the structures that are fixed at one end and free at another end. Cantilever structures are widely used in the construction of cantilever bridges, cantilever slab, and balconies. The best example of the…
Kerbs In Roads The top of the kerbs should be 100 mm above the road surface. With the pavement, the kerb is laid on a concrete bed of at least 100 mm thickness. At least 150 mm to provide lateral support the kerbing should be provided. To the concrete level, kerbs can be tapped. the…
What Is Concrete Resurfacing? Concrete resurfacing is the process to provide a brand new look to damaged concrete. In the process of resurfacing of concrete, a concrete coating is applied on the surface of existing concrete. Concrete resurfacing is a time-consuming process, and it’s very much labour-intensive process so, it’s a little bit expensive…
What Is Lime (Hydraulic)? It is an important binding material used in building construction. Lime has been used as the material of construction from ancient times. When it is mixed with sand it provides lime mortar and when mixed with sand and coarse aggregate, it forms lime concrete. Lime is a good building material for…
What is Rolling Margin? The rolling margin is the difference between the actual weight of round bars (Reinforcement) Vs. Theoretical weight of round bars. This theoretical weight of round bars picks in IS Codes. IS Codes 1786: 2008 ( High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete Reinforcement, Fourth Revision), this picks in Table-1…
Introduction of False Ceiling The ceiling is the first thing which a person noticed whenever we entered the room. The Trend of Flat slabs in our home is fallen and nowadays there is a great demand for False Ceiling for the interior of the home. A false ceiling is basically an Artificial roof which is…
What Is Bitumen? The bitumen is the binding material that is present in asphalt. It also sometimes called mineral tar. It is obtained by partial distillation of crude petroleum. It is chemically a hydro-carbon. It is insoluble in water, but it completely dissolves in carbon disulfide chloroform, alkalies, alkaline, carbonates, petroleum spirit, and oil of…