What Is Mix Design of Concrete? Concrete mix design involves a process of preparation in which a mix of ingredients creates the required strength and durability for the concrete structure. The ingredients to be tested: are water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate, cement, chemicals, reinforcement, and soil. Nominal Mix The nominal mix specifies the fixed…
What Is Seasoning of Timber? The wood spice process is the process by which the moisture in the wood is reduced to the required level. By reducing the moisture content, strength, elasticity, and durability properties are developed. A well-seasoned wood contains 15% moisture content. It is a process by which the amount of moisture in…
What Is Unit Weight? The ratio of the weight of a material to its volume is its unit weight, sometimes termed specific weight or weight density. The unit weight of water, γw, is 9.81 kN/m3 in the SI system and 62.4 lb/ft3 in the English system. What Is Density? The term density is used herein…
Joints of Stone Masonry The construction which is done with the help of stones and bonded together with mortar is known as Stone Masonry. Stone Masonry is widely used where the stones are available in abundance. The stone masonry is the type of masonry construction which is done with stones and cement mortar. Stone Masonry…
Introduction of WPC Board Vs. Plywood The Interior of the structure plays a vital role in improving the aesthetical value of your home. So it is very important that you should choose one of the best materials for the interiors. There are various materials available in the market for the Interior design of the home…
Introduction of Dry Pack Mortar Dry pack mortar is simply a mixture of cement, sand, and water in the appropriate proportion. Dry pack mortar is also known as deck mud or floor mud. Dry pack mortar is used for repairing the concrete cracks and filling up the deep holes in the concrete. What Is Dry…
Introduction to Shell Structure Nowadays there is a need for construction of the buildings which are in closed-form structures. The main purpose of constructing the Shell Structure that it will cover a larger area of the building. The construction of shell structures is gaining popularity in areas where there is a high risk of earthquakes….
Introduction of Gravity of Dam The Gravity dam is defined as a structure that is designed and constructed such that the own weight of the gravity dam resists the external forces. The Gravity dam is most durable and solid which requires very less maintenance. The Gravity dam is constructed from masonry or concrete. Gravity dams…
What Is Brick Masonry? It is constructed by placing the bricks in the mortar in an orderly manner to produce solid loads, which withstand excessive loads. There are a number of types of bricks and mortars that can be used to manufacture brick masonry. Bonding in brick masonry, which adheres to bricks simultaneously, is constructed…
What Is Flyover? Flyovers, over a flyover, underpasses, overpasses, etc. are some examples of engineering marvels that allow for the effort of people and saving of time, vehicles, and even trains. Normally flyover is made over water bodies like rivers, but bridges are meant to provide the roadway for pedestrians and even vehicles over a…
What is CBR Test? CBR Test Full Name is California Bearing Ratio (CBR) In the year 1930, this test was developed by the California Division of Highways around 1930 and was consequently accepted by several states, nations, the U.S. federal agencies, and worldwide. As a result, in the US, most agency and commercial geotechnical laboratories…
What Is Quarrying of Stones? You must have heard the words mine and quarry. The operations of taking out the materials from the ground at great depths are known as mining, whereas in the case of the quarry, the operations for taking out the match (Stone) are carried out at ground level in an exposed…
What Is Orthographic Projection? Orthographic views consist of one, two, or more separate aspects of an object taken from different directions & different sizes, generally at right angles to each other and arranged in a definite manner. These views collectively describe the object. Orthographic views of any purpose can be represented by any one of…
What Is Foundation? All engineered construction work resting on the earth must be carried by some interfacing element called a foundation. The foundation is part of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying rock and soil the loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight. The resulting soil stresses except at the…
What is Soft Flooring? Soft flooring is defined as a secondary floor to some extent sort of hard flooring. The adding of the extremely elastic sheet decreases footfalls in addition quiets the sound to a excessive amount as associated to a solitary distinctive hard floor. It is a very widespread choice and is extensively accepted…
What Is a Buttress Dam? The buttress dam is a variation or improvisation of the Gravity Dam. Buttresses are just like concrete walls that are built parallel to the flow of water with such a prescribed thickness at frequent intervals. An arch slab or angled deck slab is installed on such buttresses to sustain upstream…
What Is a Low-E Glass? Low-E Glass full name Low-Emissivity Glass, glass was created to minimize the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light that comes through your glass, without minimizing the amount of light that enters your home. Low-E glass windows have a microscopically thin coating that is transparent and reflects heat. The coating is…
What is the Soundness of Cement Test? The soundness of the cement test Changes in volume after completion of the mold cast. After casting, the change of volume of molded cement test, this changing called the soundness of the cement test. Relevant IS Code: IS 4031 Part 3 Two methods may determine the soundness of…
What Is Varnish? Varnishes are very much translucent substances that had a safe surface layer in almost the same manner that paints do. At about the same period, they cause the actual layer to be viewed and then apply a shiny as well as glossy finish. Essentially, these varnishes have the very same ingredients as…
Difference Between Timber And Wood: What What Is Wood? Wood is a tough and fibrous substance which forms a major portion of the branches and trunk of a tree. In addition, it can be defined as a natural polymeric material which practically does not age. Wood, as a construction material, falls in two major categories…
Introduction of Stepped Footing The main function of the foundation is to give support to the Structures and transmit the superimposed load of the Structures in the underneath strata. Generally, it is recommended to construct Foundation on the flat or smooth surface of the ground. There are some sites where the flat surface is not…
What Is Weirs? Weir is characterised as a barrier through which water flows into an open channel. The edge or surface on which the water runs is called the crest. The overflowing water layer is the water table. If the nappe is discharged into the air, the weir gets a free discharge. If the discharge…
What Is Sealing Brick Work? Although brick is hard and sturdy, however, it is additionally abysmally porous, thus it will absorb water and over time, water absorption can cause crumbling and cracking within the brick. A sealer can be applied with a roller if no pump sprayer is procurable. Solvent-based sealers are most popular for…
Types of Cement and Their Use Mainly cement is classified into two categories based on setting time and hardening; those categories and uses are written below: [su_table responsive=”yes” alternate=”no”] Name of the Cement Uses 1. Hydraulic Cement: Heavy construction places. Bridges and culverts. Walls, floor, stairways. Footing and foundations. An abutment wall. In retaining wall, seal wall. Tower substructure construction. Sewer construction. Monolithic concrete houses and concrete block houses….
What Is Mortar? Mortar is a mixture in varying proportions of binding material like cement or lime and an inert material like sand or surkhi (crushed burnt brick) or crushed stone mixed with water. According to requirement, definite quantities of cementing material, sand, or surkhi, and water is added and thoroughly mixed to make a…
Bearing Capacity Definitions Bearing capacity: It is the loading capacity of the soil. Ultimate bearing capacity (qu): That is the least gross pressure that will result in the shear collapse of the supporting soil directly below the foundation. Net ultimate bearing power (qun): it is the net strain that can be added to the foundation…
Abbreviation, Full Forms, and Terminology. [su_table responsive=”yes” alternate=”no”] Name Description ASTM American society for testing materials C/C Center to center distance DL Development length Sub-structure Structure which is below the ground level Super-structure Structure which is above ground level Elevation View which we can see when we stand right in front of the structure on any…
Difference Between Heartwood and Sapwood The main difference between the heartwood and the sapwood is that the heartwood is deadwood, interior, while the sapwood is the outermost portion of a wood that is alive. Hardwood vs sapwood In addition, the heartwood occupies a large part of the transversal area of the wood, while the sapwood…
Introduction of Mat Foundation Vs Spread Footing Mat foundation is also called a raft foundation. Generally, it is a continuous slab laying on the soil on which all the columns and beams of the structure are constructed. By the mat foundation, all load of the building or structure is transferred to the soil. Where the…
Silt and clay both are the result of the chemical as well as a physical breakdown of the minerals which are present in the rock. Both silt and clay are classified as fine-grained soils. Here, In this article, you will get to know the difference between silt and clay. What Is Silt? Silt is a…
What Is Frost Wall? The Frost wall or frost-protected wall structure is built to keep soil below the building against freezing to secure the foundations in freezing conditions. The Types of frost walls, their specifications, and applications are addressed. The frosting is a significant problem for buildings in colder climates. These undesirable results are more…
What Is Plate Load Test? The Plate Load Test is a field method to identify the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil as well as the possible settlement under such a specified load. In essence, the test consists of taking a rigid plate only at the base level then deciding the settlement relating from each…
What Is Isolated Foundation? Isolated foundations are structural components often used to distribute and deliver loads of individual columns to the soil and without exhausting its bearing capacity, in addition to avoiding undue settling and as well as ensuring sufficient protection against both slipping and trying to overturn. These are often used in the presence…
What Is Tunel? Tunnels are artificial underwater tunnels that are built without damaging the surface of the earth. The tunnels are underwater passageways used mostly for transport purposes. They may be used to transport freight and travellers, water, sanitation, respectively. Tunnels are often more efficient than open cuts over a certain depth. Tunnels prevent disruption…
What Is Stone? Stones were some of the essential construction materials in civil engineering. Stones are formed of rocks that comprise the crust of the earth and therefore have no regular shape or chemical composition and are mixes of 2 or even more minerals. The mineral is a material produced by an inorganic materials mechanism…
Introduction of Coarse-Grained Soils Vs Fine-Grained Soils Soil is one of the most important components which should be check and tested before doing any kind of construction on the site. As a civil engineer, it is very necessary that you should know the difference between coarse-grained soils and fine-grained soil so that you can design…
Introduction of Calculate Steel in Rcc Slab The slab is one of the most important structural elements in the construction of buildings. Many of us are confused that how to calculate steel in RCC slab. In this article, we will get to know about the step-by-step procedure to calculate steel in RCC slab. A slab…
What Is Vacuum Concrete? Vacuum concrete is that type of concrete where the extra water is removed for increasing the strength of concrete. A small part of concreting part is constructing by vacuum concrete of slab and walls; then, we need to maintain the water-cement ratio 0.5-0.65. If we remove the excess water and air…
What Is Earthen Dam? The dam which is constructed fulfilled by the earth is known as the earthen dam. The earthen dam is constructed by different layers of soil. The layers of the soil of the earthen dam are then compacted by sheep’s foot rollers, tamping rollers, heavy pneumatic tired rollers, earth-hauling equipment, or vibratory…
What Is Inverted Arch Footing? The Inverted Arch Footing is built in areas where the carrying or bearing capacity of the soil is very low and the load of the building is concentrated on the walls and digging is not possible. This is not a typical type of foundation. Inverted Arch Footing is built between…
Introduction of Structural Loads Structural analysis is a salient feature of a design of buildings as structural loads can typically cause stress, deformation, and displacement which might result in structural failure. What Are Structural Loads? Loads are generally the forces that can cause stresses, deformations, or accelerations. There are an ample range of distinct kinds…
Definition of Kelly Clamp Kelly clamp is defined as a vertically movable pinch clamp fastened to a graduated stick to allow the interpretation of the penetration depth of the kelly ball. These are clamped only at top of the device prior to the experiment then dropped to interact with the edge of the tower until the…
What Is Composite Masonry? Composite masonry is the one that is constructed out of two or more types of building units or of different types of building materials. When walls are constructed with two or more types of building materials it is term as composite masonry. It makes the used of locally available materials to obtain…
What Is a Concrete Surface Retarder? Surface retarders, also know surface “deactivators,” are applied to fresh concrete to chemically delay the set of the surface mortar. Unlike concrete set retarders, they allow the rest of the concrete to cure normally, without affecting the setting rate or strength gain. Because surface retarders work their magic by…
Which of the Following Is a Way That Slopes Fail? The large block falls from cliffs. Rocks, soil, sediment & ice slide deep down hillsides. Pieces of rock accumulated on Talus slope until angle became too steep. Soil & other loose materials can flow rapidly down-slopes, forming debris flows. All of these. Types of Slope…
Introduction of PRE Engg Building The Steel industry is growing rapidly all over the world. Steel is widely used Building material in the construction industry. Nowadays steel structures getting more popularity because of its economy and faster construction. The owner of the example of steel structure is PEB building. In this article, you will get…
What Is Pier? These Piers provide vertical supports for spans at intermediate of different points and perform both main functions: transferring vertical superstructure loads to the foundations and resisting horizontal forces acting on this bridge. Although piers are designed to resist vertical loads, it is becoming common to design piers to resist high lateral loads…
What Is Flyover? A Flyover is a bridge that carries one railroad or road over another. Flyover can also be described as an overpass or a high road bridge that crosses a highway or intersection. The difference between the Bridge and Flyover is depending on the purpose of its use and the location where it…
Introduction of Pile Cap The pile cap is a type of thick concrete mat-like structure which rests on the pile (timber or concrete) which gives a stable foundation to the whole system. This concrete pile cap transfers the entire load of the superstructure to the into the piles, which gives you a stable bearing capacity….
What Is Diversion of Headworks (Rivers)? For direct irrigation from the river, a structure constructed across a river to raise the water level is known as diversion headwork. It divers the required supply into the offtaking canal of the river. Purposes of Diversion Headworks (Rivers) Here, the list for putpoes of diversion headworks are as…
Structural Audit Definition Structural Audit can be defined as a very important approach to understanding the distress level or condition of any existing civil engineering structure or a building. The initially specialized technique used to inspect a building or a civil engineering structure to evaluate its general health is known as Structural Audit. Doing a…
Introduction of a Suspension Bridge Suspension bridges are one of the most popular choices in Bridge construction nowadays, due to the numerous advantages a suspension bridge provides over other bridge structures. As the name indicates, a suspension bridge is the one in which the bridge deck slab suspends between two towers, or in other words,…
Kani’s Method Structural analysis is one of the most important parts of civil engineering. The construction of high rise buildings and multi-storey buildings are increasing day by day. The high rise building requires the perfect analysis of frames and different structure of members features has a number of joints. Kani’s method was developed by Gasper…
Water is a crucial asset – without it, we simply would not survive. Every day we use it, and most of it is collected as sewage. Wastewater can be classified into two categories: black water and grey water. Although both are wastewater, they have different levels of contamination, which is why they must be treated…
What Is Stainless Steel? Stainless steel is the form a steel alloy with a chromium content of 11.5 percent by weight. Owing to the sufficient amount of chromium in stainless steel, the steel product doesn’t often rust, scratch nor corrode. Probably due to this function, the specific type of steel is known as corrosion-resistant steel….
What Is Cantilever? Cantilever is basically a structural element that extends horizontally and has supported at only one end. The cantilever is the structures that are fixed at one end and free at another end. Cantilever structures are widely used in the construction of cantilever bridges, cantilever slab, and balconies. The best example of the…
Kerbs In Roads The top of the kerbs should be 100 mm above the road surface. With the pavement, the kerb is laid on a concrete bed of at least 100 mm thickness. At least 150 mm to provide lateral support the kerbing should be provided. To the concrete level, kerbs can be tapped. the…
What Is Concrete Resurfacing? Concrete resurfacing is the process to provide a brand new look to damaged concrete. In the process of resurfacing of concrete, a concrete coating is applied on the surface of existing concrete. Concrete resurfacing is a time-consuming process, and it’s very much labour-intensive process so, it’s a little bit expensive…
What Is Lime (Hydraulic)? It is an important binding material used in building construction. Lime has been used as the material of construction from ancient times. When it is mixed with sand it provides lime mortar and when mixed with sand and coarse aggregate, it forms lime concrete. Lime is a good building material for…
What is Rolling Margin? The rolling margin is the difference between the actual weight of round bars (Reinforcement) Vs. Theoretical weight of round bars. This theoretical weight of round bars picks in IS Codes. IS Codes 1786: 2008 ( High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete Reinforcement, Fourth Revision), this picks in Table-1…
Introduction of False Ceiling The ceiling is the first thing which a person noticed whenever we entered the room. The Trend of Flat slabs in our home is fallen and nowadays there is a great demand for False Ceiling for the interior of the home. A false ceiling is basically an Artificial roof which is…
What Is Bitumen? The bitumen is the binding material that is present in asphalt. It also sometimes called mineral tar. It is obtained by partial distillation of crude petroleum. It is chemically a hydro-carbon. It is insoluble in water, but it completely dissolves in carbon disulfide chloroform, alkalies, alkaline, carbonates, petroleum spirit, and oil of…
Introduction of Washers A washer may be a disk formed plate (made of metal, rubber, or plastic) used to garrison the joints from ill-use through adjustment method and to disseminate the load equally below the bolt and nut (i.e., rib fasteners). Generally, it operates as a spacer or seal. On the opposite hand, Bolt joins…
Is Steel Stronger Than Concrete? Steel has more lightweight and higher strength than concrete. And also steel built a heavy strong structure to concrete with less quantity of material. The tensile strength of steel is higher than concrete, so it avoids the risk of collapse of the structure. Concrete is a brittle material, so it…
What Is Cinder Block? Cinder blocks are totally different from concrete blocks. Concrete and cinder blocks are made from the same basic components; however, there is a special key component for cinder blocks created for various functions. Cinder blocks are also made of concrete, however, the mixture includes coal ash. Concrete blocks are lighter than…
What is Compaction of Soil? Compaction of soil is area compacted by mechanical method for remove air voids in compacted soil this area of soil called compaction of soil. Why Use Compaction of Soil? Compaction of soil compacted soil so changes soil property. Soil well compacted and remove air voids in the soil. After done,…
What Is Plaster? Plastering is the process of covering uneven surfaces and rough walls in the construction of houses and other structures with a plastic material known as Plaster, which is a mixture of cement or lime concrete and sand along with the required quantity of water. Different Plastering Ratios of Cement Mortar Used [su_table…
What Is Self Compact Concrete? Making concrete structures without vibration has been done in the past. For example, the placement of concrete under-water is done by the use of tremie without vibration. Shaft concrete and mass concrete may be successfully placed without vibration. But the above examples of concrete are normally of lower strength and…
Tests on Stones To determine the required properties of stones, the following tests Could be conducted: Crushing Strength Test Water Absorption Test Abrasion Test Impact Test Acid Test Crushing Strength Test of Stone For conducting this test, a specimen of size 40 × 40 × 40 mm is prepared from parent stone. Afterward, the sides…
What Is Drip Irrigation? Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the potential to save water and nutrients, allowing water to drip slowly to plant roots, from the ground or below the surface. The goal is to put water directly into the root area and minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation systems distribute water…
What Is Clay Product? There is a wide variety of structural clay products, broadly classified as facing materials, load-bearing materials, paving materials, roofing tile, and chemically resistant materials. Examples of facing materials are face brick, terra-cotta, brick veneer, sculptured brick, glazed brick and tile, and decorative brick. Here, we are going to discuss certain aspects…
Requirements of Good DPC Here, the list of requirements of a good DPC are as follows. Totally impervious and should not allow travel of dampness. Durable and keep the building damp-proof permanently. Economical and easy in laying. Able to resist load to which it is subject. Accommodate some structural movement without fracture. Prevention of Dampness…
What Is Gypsum Plaster? Gypsum plaster is made by heating gypsum at low temperatures to drive off water, to produce plaster of Paris a chalky, fast-setting material commonly used for molds and for casts to repair broken bones. It can be mixed with time to form a fast-drying interior finish plaster known as gauging plaster,…
What Is Passometer? Passometer is an electromechanical and portable instrument, which count the number of paces or velocity of the body movement. It automatically records the number of paces. Its mechanism is being operated by the movement of the body. Passometer is an electromechanical device. Moreover, it is portable, which makes it handy to use…
What Is Pedestal? The term “Pedestal”, so far in the Civil Engineering field is concerned, is a compressive structural member which is provided in between the footing and column, in order to transfer the load uniformly into the footing. In early times, the pedestals were not much in use. It is later found out, when…
Purpose of RCC Concrete The purpose of this procedure is to provide a methodology for active surveillance of various activities involved in the supervision of R.C.C.work at the site and to ensure that (RCC CONCRETE ) Why Need RCC Concrete? Shuttering is placed as per the correct line & level. Reinforcement is laid on as…
What Is Sand Blasting? Commonly called abrasive blasting, grit or sand-blasting can be used to expose the aggregates inside a hardened concrete, giving it a rustic also attractive look, by eroding the surface layer. There are four typical grades of abrasion, with each one producing a matt finish featuring textures varying from these resembling sand-paper…
Why We Measure the Silt Content from the Sand? Silt content is a fine material that’s less than 150 microns. It’s unstable in the presence of water. It’s unstable in the presence of water. If we utilize silty sand for bonding, it will reduce the strength and cause rework. You could be experienced this while…
What Is Bleeding In Concrete? Bleeding in concrete is sometimes referred to as water gain. This is a special form of separation, in which some water from the concrete flows to the surface of the concrete, with the lowest specific gravity among all concrete components. Excessive bleeding is seen in thin members such as roof…
What Is Waterproofing? This is the process of making a structure water-resistant or impervious to the ingress of water. Water-Proofing is essential that prevents water from penetrating buildings and also helps to keep the inside areas dry. It helps in reducing the humidity inside the building, minimizing the damage done to furniture and alike. In…
What Is Carpet Area? Carpet area means it is an accurate area that can freely be covered by a carpeted inner a house and is the area of the house, excluding the thickness of the inner walls. If you had to lay out a wall-to-wall carpet in your entire house, the chosen area covered would…
Introduction of Arches Construction An Arch is basically a structure that is constructed of a wedge-shaped unit. The inner curve of an arch is known as Intrados and the outer curve of the arch is known as Extrados. The main function of the arches is to support the load of the portion of the wall…
What Is Veneer? A veneer is a very thin piece of wood that is attached to particleboard or other types of manufactured wood. Veneers are used to lessen the cost of a project without sacrificing the overall appearance. It may be attached using an adhesive, nails, or screws. Veneers are frequently used on cabinets, furniture,…
What Is Fresh Concrete? When concrete is its plastic state, it is known as fresh concrete. Fresh concrete can be easily molded to a durable structural member. It can be prepared on the spot and may give a wide range of properties from easily available raw materials. Properties of Fresh Concrete Workability. Temperature. Water Cement…
What Is Slump Cone Test? A Slump cone test or concrete Slump test is to determine the workability or consistency of the concrete mixture prepared in the laboratory or at the construction site during the course of work. A concrete Slump test is performed from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of the…
What Is Foundation Repair? Foundation renovation is required when the foundation of a home, building, or structure is impaired & the core structure of the building is required to be repaired. Foundation Techniques 1. Sealants & Masonry Patches Cracks are required to be identified & renovated as early as possible by patching & sheathing with…
Foundation in Civil Engineering In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground and transfers loads from the structure to the ground. Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures. What Is Foundation? In the…
History of Remote Sensing In the past time, the only way to store records was photography. The contemporary era of remote sensing, rise with the expansion of flight development. In 1858, the prominent name Nadar clicked pictures of Paris from his balloon. In that era, kites, messenger pigeons, rockets, and balloons were also familiar ways…
What Is Mortar? Mortar is an intimate mixture of binding material, fine aggregate, and water. When water is added into the dry mixture of binding material and the inert material, binding material develops the property that binds not only the inert material but also the surrounding bricks and stones. If the cement is the binding…
According to the definition, building bye-laws are the norms set forth by the government authorities such as Gandhinagar Urban Development Authority(GUDA), City Corporation and Developing Authorities, for instance, Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) in Bangalore, List of urban Development Authority, etc. These norms are legal tools that regulate the construction and architectural aspects of buildings to…
What Is Quick Setting Cement? Quick setting cement is one of the types of cement. This cement setting time very high like initially set in 5 mins and the final set is achieved in 30 mins, and ordinary cement initially set in 30 mins, and the final set is achieved in 24 hours, so we…
What Is Structural Settlement? The term Structural Settlement is defined as the vertical displacement of the base of a structure, or of the surface of a road or embankment due to the compression and deformation of the underlying soil. When the weight of every structure compresses and deforms the underlying soil, the Structural Settlement is…
What Do You Mean by Term Well Point? A Well Point is also known by the term Drive point. Well Point is a well of small diameter that is used for dewatering. Parts consisting in a Well Point are a shallow shaft, a dewatering pump to draw water, a riser pipe that connects the Well…
What Is Clamp Burning? A typical clamp is shown below figure The bricks and fuel are placed in alternate layers. The amount of fuel is reduced successively in the top layers. Each brick tier consists of 4–5 layers of bricks. Some space is left between bricks for the free circulation of hot gasses. After 30…
What Is Self Compacting Concrete? Making concrete structures without vibration has been done in the past. For example, the placement of concrete under-water is done by the use of tremie without vibration. Shaft concrete and mass concrete may be successfully placed without vibration. But the above examples of concrete are normally of lower strength and…
What Is a Total Station in Surveying? The most frequently used surveying instrument today is the total station (As per below figure No1). An entire station is a combination of a digital theodolite, an electronic distance measuring device (EDM), and a microprocessor with a memory unit. The digital theodolite, initially introduced in the late 1960s…
What Is Compaction? compaction of soil is area compacted by the mechanical method to remove air voids in compacted soil this area of soil called compaction. What Is Consolidation? Consolidation is the compaction of soil by the expulsion of water from voids of the soil. Consolidation is a process by which soils decrease in volume….
What Is Limited Glass? Laminated Glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or sentry glass plus(SGP), between its two or more layers of glass. The interlayer keeps the layers…
Introduction of Survey Levelling Survey levelling is the method by which we measure the elevation of one land with respect to others. It can also be defined as a method to find out the difference of elevations of different points on the earth’s surface. It helps surveyors and engineers to level, design, plan, and construct…
Introduction of Concreting in Construction Concrete is most frequently used man-made construction material in the world and is second only to water as the most used substance on Earth. It’s obtained by mixing cementing materials, water, and aggregates, and at times admixtures, (shown in as per below figure) in required proportions. The mix, when put…