H-Beam vs I-Beam H Beam Vs I Beam, Structural steel has been used extensively in the construction of commercial buildings since the first steel-framed building, the Rand Mcnally Building erected in 1890. Since then, steel has been used for major construction projects. The availability of steel makes it much easier to use. First, it bonds…

What Is Lightweight Concrete? Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete that includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional qualities such as nailbility and lessened the dead weight. The main specialties of lightweight concrete are its low density and thermal conductivity. Lightweight Aggregate…

Specific Gravity Test of Bitumen By the specific gravity test on bitumen, we are determining the bitumen specific gravity which is one of the important properties of bitumen. This specific gravity of bitumen test helps in understanding the sp gravity of bitumen. Used for pavement construction is the classification of bitumen binders that can therefore…

Introduction of Water Damage in the Bathroom In the construction of the foundation of a structure, especially when dealing with bathroom water damage, we know that water is the life of the foundation. But the quantity of water inside your house has become more than from the required quantity then it can create many problems…

What Is Zero Force Member? In a truss system, some members are not carrying any force. This called a zero-force member. This member may be added to increase truss stability. Identifying these members will simplify the process of analyzing truss. What Is Zero Force Member for Truss? Truss analysis using the method of joints is…

Bridge Abutment Means As a component of a bridge, the abutment provides the vertical support to the bridge superstructure at the bridge ends, connects the bridge with the approach roadway, and retains the roadway base materials from the bridge spans. Although there are numerous types of abutments and the abutments for the important bridges may…

What is Pavement? Pavement or carriageway, often referred to as pavement meaning, is that part of the road or highway that supports the wheel loads imposed on it from traffic moving over it. Essentially, when one asks, ‘What is a pavement?‘, it refers to this supportive structure. It ought to be strong enough to resist…

What Is Pointing? Pointing is the term given to the “finish” that sits between the bricks or stone used to build your home. This process is crucial in pointing in construction. Depending on the age of the building, the mortar used to deposit the stone or brick will be made of lime or, more recently,…

Introduction of Gantry Girder The gantry girders are girders which supports the loads that are transmitted through the travelling wheels of the crane. The crane girder spans from column to column, this usually do not have any lateral support at the intermediate points excepting when a walkway is formed at the top of the girder….

What Is Scrap Value and Salvage Value in Civil Engineering? Scrap Value in Civil Engineering The value of decommissioned materials at the end of the usefulness life of the property is completely meaningless, with the exception of sales as scrap. When an old building is sold after usable life, some useable material such as bricks,…

What Are Corian Countertops? Corian is the trade name of a complex plane countertop made by DuPont. This countertop makes from a native casting fusion and watercolor polyurethane of Alumina Trihydrate. Because the countertops imitate the look of a gravestone, they have various characteristics, which create effective countertops options. How to Maintain Corian Countertops? Corian…

What Is Repointing Brick? Repointing brick is generally known as repointing of brick or repointing of brickwork. Repointing of brickwork is a basic process where you renews or repair the outer portion of your brickwork. In this process, we only take care of the cement mortar. Repointing is done when the mortar between two consecutive…

What Is Prismatic Compass Surveying? What is prismatic compass surveying? It is the kind of prismatic compass survey used only to determine the angles identified as bearing as well as the range is determined by the measuring tape. Often referred to as a prism compass, it’s essential for various surveying tasks. Prismatic compass is compact…

What Is Viscosity? Viscosity is a basic characteristic property of all liquids. When a liquid flows, it’s an inner resistance to flow. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow or shear. Viscosity may also be termed as a drag force and is a measure of the frictional properties of this fluid. Temperature and…

What Is Mix Design? Concrete mix design is a procedure of manufacture of concrete with an ideal proportion of ingredients to fulfill the desired strength & sturdiness of the concrete structure. This is essentially what is mix design of concrete. Concrete is generally a blend of cement, sand & aggregates. Bridges, dams require an oversized…

Introduction of Stucco Stucco has been a viral decorative coating for the building. In ancient times, Stucco originated from surfaces to beautiful paint. Stucco gives an esthetic look and stylizing facades. Stucco can be used to create decorative enhancements to the exterior. Stucco is a rougher texture compared to building plaster. In Stucco, materials can…

What Is Wall Putty? Wall putty is basically a substance that is applied to the internal wall of any house to increase the beauty and longevity of the house. Wall putty makes a strong base for painting and it also highlights the colour. It provides sharp and beautiful edges for our house. Wall putty is…

How to Define Efflorescence? Effloresces, often referred to as the efflorescence meaning, is a crystalline set down of salts that can form when water is present in or on concrete, stone, brick, stucco, or other building surfaces. It has a white or grayish shade and consists of salt deposits remain on the surface when water…

What Is Micro Concrete? Micro concrete is a cement-based coating that is used as a thin layer on different surfaces like tiles, wood, etc to give a look and feel of real concrete at less cost. The layer of micro concrete is about 2-3mm thick. It is a non-shrink and flowable material that only requires…

What Is Load in Civil? There are different types of load than working on a structure, the design, location, and similar nature of which will vary. Design requirements are usually specified in terms of the maximum load that a structure must be able to withstand. The load is usually classified as either dead load or…

What Are the Couches? Couches are generally known as sofas. It is used for peaceful sleep, relaxing, and sitting purposes. There are usually seen in the drawing, lounge, and many other hotels, etc. Different Types of Couches for Home There are mainly 10 types of couches available in the marketplace. Those are in the following…

What is Material Calculation In Civil? In civil material calculation, especially when it comes to concrete material calculation, it involves determining the required quantities for various tasks such as Concrete, Bar Bending, Plumbing, Flooring, and Electrical. Material Use in Concrete When considering the materials for concrete, it’s composed of different parts of one product. All…

What Is Turbidity of Water? Turbidity of water is a property of water or liquid by which we can measure the relative clarity of a liquid. The turbidity of water is an optical characteristic of liquid and is a measurement of light reflected through the materials, which are present in the water. In simple words…

Introduction of Moment Frame The Moment Frames are the fundamentals structure which consists of two-dimensional series of interconnected members which are joined with each other. It is very important that the structure should have a resistance to the lateral moment. Moment frames are one of the best frames which have a strong resistance towards the…

What Is a Flight of Stairs? A flight of stairs is a set of steps between two floors or two landings. Flight of stairs is also called as a stairway or stairwell. Many people wonder about steps vs. stairs, which means what is the difference between steps and stairs. A step is defined as support…

What Is Concrete Form? A concrete form is a system of formwork for reinforced cement concrete which is made with rigid thermal insulation. The concrete formwork is necessary to provide a shape of that concrete. Types of Concrete Forms, Uses, Advantage, Disadvantages and Thai applications Types of Concrete Forms For the concrete casting there are…

New Technology Civil Engineering Here, list of construction inventions are as follows. Self-Healing Concrete Thermal Bridging Photovoltaic Glaze Kinetic Footfall Kinetic Roads 3D Modelling Modular Construction Asset Mapping Internet of Things Drones 1. Self-Healing Concrete In the construction of Self-healing Concrete cement is the most widely used material, but cement is also contributors one of…

What Is Oblique Drawing? Oblique Drawing is a type of projective drawing in which the frontal lines are given in true proportions and relations and all others at suitable angles other than 90 degree without thinking about the rules of linear perspective. Oblique Drawing is a pictorial representation of an object, in which the diagram…

Introduction of No Hot Water in House Dealing with no hot water causes in the house presents several challenges, but there are also solutions available. There is most common issues finding of the type of water heater have installed. The problems are generally solved quickly, and they should always be considered. When pondering why is…

Introduction of Repairing a Burst Pipe Burst pipe means bursting of pipe in different circumstances as well as in different situations. Bursting of pipes results in severe damages in the plumbing on a house as well as severe damages in overall house systems as well. There are various reasons which can cause the bursting of…

What Is a Cavity Wall? A cavity wall consists of a hollow space between them. The cavity walls normally consist of two skins, which should be brick, cinder blocks, or reinforcement concrete blocks, etc. The absorbent materials are used in cavity wall construction to that draw out the rainwater and consist of humidity in the…

Introduction of Foundation for House Foundation, often referred to as house foundation types, is one of the most important parts of the Building on which the whole Structure is rest. The foundation is a very essential part of a building which provides a base for the structure. In this article, you will get to all…

How to Get Wet Blood Out of Carpet? Wet blood on the carpet is a very problematic thing and blood is type of stain which need to be cleared quickly. There are some process are to be followed to get wet blood out of the carpet, those are the following- Use of Detergent Solution: In…

What Is Timber? Timber is a simply wooden structure which is converted into the shape of beams and planks. Another name of timber is Lumber, which is widely popular in US and Canada. Generally, the timbers and lumbers are constructed by the different part of the trees. Any type of timber which is capable of…

Purpose of Tile Flooring in the House There are some essential purposes behind fitting tiles in the home, It is effortlessly found in the market and provides many kinds of designs, colors, and shapes. Tiles have a shiny fresh floor, which provides free wash. The tiles are long-lasting design materials. The flooring tiles used in…

What Is Chalk Paint? Initially founded by the common paint variety Annie Sloan, ”chalk paint” is politically an inscribed logo of this enterprise. At a glimpse, chalk-design paint is observable by its comfortable, extra mat conclusion. It looks like an exterior enclosed in chalk, so the credit. The color is natural rubber, significance you can…

Instruction of Remove Paint from Concrete Concrete is a widely used building material in the construction industry. Concrete is used in the construction of every structural element. The Concrete surface has a natural light grey. The different types of paints are applied on the surface of the concrete to give an aesthetical look to the…

What Is Water Ponding? As in Construction Industry, National Roofing Contractors Association(NRCA) described Water Ponding as “Water which remains over the roof surface for more than 48 hours, after the termination of recent rain event” So in simple words, Water Ponding can be explained as a major accumulation of water over a flat roof, which…

Information of Water Leakage from Ceiling Water is one of the most important resource but it is also the biggest enemy of construction materials. The water leakages problems can adversely affect the structures and masonry. Water can be the most destructive element for structures that are mainly constructed from concrete. So, it is very important…

What Is a Floating Slab? These slabs are constructed in two stages. At the first stage, the footings are poured separately. The centre floor of this floating slab is poured only after the footings are cured. The slab isn’t anchored to the floor. This type of slab is typically used for shallow foundations such as…

Introduction to Stair Landing Flight of stairs landing is a significant part of a structure giving admittance to various floors and roof of the structure. It’s anything but a flight of steps and at least one intermediate landing pieces between the floor levels. Stairs can be characterized as arrangement of steps appropriately orchestrated the reason…

What is Wooden Beam? A wood beam is structural support made from wood. They are most commonly used in wood frame structures like small houses, although they can be used in other types of construction as well. Beams are designed to resist bending when stressed by weight or forces like high winds. Types of Wooden Beams…

What Is Cedar Wood? Cedar is a very durable wood. It lasts long for decades. Cedar woods have a natural resistance to deterioration. The natural preservatives present in it makes it durable than other wood types. The cedar wood can even last long in a place with a very harsh climate. The open cell structure…

What Is Skillion Roof? The Skillion roof is a unique type of roof which has just one unvarying isolated surface. The characteristics of this type of roof are crucial than regular smooth tents. The main difference between a standard roof and a Skillion roof is the perpendicular pitch or rise. The Skillion roof is an…

Information of Gypsum Boards There are various new innovative materials are available in the market which enhances the beauty and the functionality of the building. The Gypsum boards are one of the popular building materials which mainly consist of the non-combustible core which is made from gypsum. The Gypsum boards are a widely used building…

Induction of Louvered Door Doors are one of the important parts of our home which provides the horizontal movements of the occupants from one room to another room. There are various designs and types of doors are available in the market and it is very difficult to choose the best one for your house which…

Information of Porch The porch is the most important section and front part of the structure whenever we enter the house. The porch has a great impact on the aesthetical view of the structure. It is very important that you should construct the best porch that is suitable for your house. There are various types…

What Is an Ice Dam? Generally, ices are very beautiful in nature, but they can also cause many problems like shingles to get looses, tear off gutters, water can get back into the indoor portion of your house, etc. So, here we fix those problems, prevention, and long-time repair process. In the winter region, Icicles…

Introduction of Roof Covering Material A roof may be defined as the upmost part of the structure. A roof is a top covering of a structure, including all accoutrements and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the structure or on uprights, furnishing protection against rain, snow, sun, axes of temperature, and wind….

Types of Gable Roof Here, the different types of gable roof are as follows Box Gable Roofs Front Gables Cross Gable Roofs Gable Roof With Shed Roof Addition Dutch Gable Roofs 1. Box Gable Roofs The roof section of a box gable roof is boxed at the end, with a triangular extension at either end…

What is Salt Concrete Finish? As one of the older, more conventional decorative concrete finishes, salt finish concrete has become the most popular in unfreezing / thaw regions around the country. For a little additional cost, you can add texture to just about any hardscape. With the popularity of decorative concrete along with the wide…

Masonry means construction of buildings utilizing building blocks such as stone, bricks, and concrete blocks, etc.. Masonry is used for the construction of foundation, plinth, walls, and columns. Mortar is the binding material for the building blocks. In this article, different kinds of stone masonry used are explained, and points to be observed while supervising…

What Does Hail Damage Look Like on a Roof? Generally, shingles of the roof react differently when they are struck by hail. Hail damage creates different impacts in different types of materials, like the impact on asphalt and composite shingles are different than wooden shingles. So, it is mandatory and important to know about the…

Information Marble Flooring For thousands of years to create elegant floors Marble has been used widely. And today it became popular for its sophisticated looks and design. Now it is becoming a more beautiful and most recognizable natural building material because of its creamy color and striking grain patterns. Although from Italy marble famously come…

Introduction of Asphalt Paving Asphalt is also known as bitumen. Asphalt is a sticky, black, largely thick liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be planted in natural deposits or may be a refined product. Asphalt is produced in the factory by mixing fine beach, coarse beach, bitumen, clay, and sediment. Asphalt is an…

Introduction of Roof Repair Vs Roof Replacement When your roof became older and the water enters the house then you should be replaced it roof as soon as possible. Roof replacement is a process, in which new shingles are placed by removing the old one. When once you replaced your roof shingle with a new…

Introduction of Concrete Construction Tools for Construction Sites Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials in the Construction Industry. There are various types of concrete construction tools are used on the construction site. Concrete construction tools help to complete the work fast with accuracy. It is impossible to complete the work without…

Information Of Construction Technology The use of Technology and Digitalization is increasing rapidly in almost every Industry. Construction is one of the largest industries in the world which contributes a larger part to the Economy of the country. Construction Industry majorly faces a shortage of labors and it directly affects the time required for the…

What Is Mansard Roof? Generally, this mansard roof is also known as a French roof or curb roof, which is a combined form of hip and gambrel roof. Mansard roof is not completely familiar with the gambrel, which is a modified form of a gable roof, but it unlikes a gable roof. Naturally, the mansard…

Introduction of Concrete Screed A construction element which is available in a range of thickness to bring forth the installation surface of the concrete flooring to a considerable height & to produce a surface suitable for installing the desired flooring is called a concrete screed. Screeds are mortar blended with cementitious or anhydrite binders. The…

What Is Fly Ash? Fly ash is a fine powder that would be a by-product of the combustion of pulverized coal in power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, a liquid that contains aluminous as well as siliceous material which creates cement in the presence of water. When combined with lime and water, fly ash…

What Is Hail Damage? In simple words, Hail can be defined as a crystallized piece of snow. Many a time hail is confused with the ice pellets, but that’s often not the case. Ice pallets are generally solid precipitation of particles less than 5mm, which are generally spherical and circular, but rarely conical in shape….

Introduction of Hail Damage to Asphalt Shingles As humans came into this world, at first, they started living in caves made from Rocks. The primary intention for living in caves was to protect themselves from adverse environmental conditions such as rain, storm, wind, etc; and also, to protect themselves from the attacks of wild animals….

Introduction of Built-Up Roof with Gravel BURs (also known as tar and gravel roofs) are a well-known and popular form of flat roof made composed of alternating layers of roofing felt or fibreglass and asphalt that is placed using heat, resulting in a long-lasting and robust roofing system. The gravel buried in the flood coat…

Water Damage from Water Heater Water damage from a water heater is now a common problem in all residential, commercial, and industrial places. Water heaters are generally used in a residential place, and the lifespan of any water heater is near about 10 to 20 years, and they are very effective in their service life…

Roof Leak Detection Here, some sins of 11 different types of roof leak sections are as follows. At first, we have to do an initial survey on a roof to know whether there have any leaks or not. If your home early has any types of leaks then firstly, check those parts again because this…

Introduction of Residential Roofing Residential roofing is different from commercial roofing in the terms of materials, design, installation, and maintenance costs. A higher slope residential building has a pitched roof that’s also simple to install. For the residential building roof installed expertise are essential, who can help you decide which roof is best for you…

Introduction of Water Damaged Wall Sometimes water can be highly destructive to the building materials. At the meeting time of the drywall, it enters the inner portion of the wall and creates worse damage; sometimes, it can also damage the wallboard of the wall, and as a result, it t collapses and falls. This type…

Introduction of Dutch Gable Roof The Dutch gable roof is also called a gablet that consists at the top of a roof of a small gable. In this type of gable roof, two sloping sides peak at the top center. To mean a gable with a parapet the Dutch gable term is also used. In…

What Is Exterior Paint? Exterior paints state that paint is used outdoors in buildings, offices, and other construction. Exterior paint is the perfect charm of your home to cover counter climate activity such as humidity, snowfall, evaporation, etc. hence that selects climate resistance paint. So let’s talk about the top 10 best exterior paint in…

How to Fix Damaged Roof Shingles? There are have many steps for the fix to damaged roof shingles that’s are below- At first, we have to slip the pry under the damaged shingle, after that the roofing nail pressed down to pop out. Next, the new shingle slides up into place, and with the shingles…

How to Reduce Construction Cost ( Tips) By flowing some steps we can reduce the cost of the construction that is described below. 1. Selection of Plot First, we have to select a perfect plot for our structure. When we select a plot for our structure, we have to keep in mind that the selected…

How to Improve Your Indoor Air Quality at Home? When outside air corruption offers a treat, it must be simple to ignore which the exclusive of the air you inhale at your house is necessary. As stated by the EPA (Environmental protection agency), the rate of air damage inside may not go up to 100…

Introduction of Green Concrete In the history of the concrete world, green concrete is a revolution topic in Denmark; it was first invented in 1998. With the color green concrete has nothing to do. In the conventional concrete green concrete is the most usable concrete, for production of this type of concrete less type of…

What is Earthmoving Equipment? As the name might suggest, earth-moving equipment generally refers to any piece of heavy machinery that can move and grade soil and rock. In addition to construction work, they are also used for materials handling, demolition, mining, and any other industry that requires more power than can be provided by humans….

How to Prevent Home Theft (Tips) Home theft is a common problem in recent times, so there are some easy & common ways to prevent home theft, those are in the following. Secure the Doors & Windows Upgrade Door Lock Installation of Home Security System Try to Hide Your Valuable Things Installation of Outdoor Lighting…

What Is a Sink? A sink is known by many names like washing basin, washing bowl, and hand basin. Some people just call it simply basin. Sinks are usually a bowl-shaped feature for washing hands and washing dishes and pots. A tap is attached to the sink to allow the water to come. The water…

Land Moving Equipment For excavation purposes, earthwork, grading of soil, rock etc. Land-moving equipment are commonly used and are indispensable. They help to speed the earthwork, materials handling, and other construction work. Some commonly used land moving equipment are listed below 1. Conveyors One of the most commonly used vehicles to move materials from one…

Types of Renewable Energy Resources In all over the world, scientists have found six number of renewable energy resources, which are ready to use for commercial and industrial purposes, those are in the following- 1. Solar Energy Solar energy is the primary and one of the best renewable energy resources among all other types of…

What Is Site Preparation? Site preparation affects many works such as destruction of old alive design, the gap of construction sites, below ground benefit and wire checking, place attentive and pismire service before building career begins. Building site preparation needs deafening, drilling, balancing, disposal area, land drainage, and other things. Construction site preparation activity will…

How to Remove Stains from Wood? If you’re renewing your wood products or apparatus, you must remove old wood product stains from the wood. Separating wood stains can be difficult. Later it consumes the seed of the wood and paints with another cast. You can significantly decrease the look of wood stain by applying a…

What Is Pipe Fittings? Pipe fittings are the process where we divert the flow of the water by using piping components like tees, elbows, etc. In pipe fittings, we change the pipe sizes by using reducing tees, reducers, etc. Here, we use coupling to connect the flow of water and caps to stop the water….

How to Kill Tree Roots? If it is not necessary then you do not kill the tree roots, because after cutting the tree roots the tree also shall be killed. That also leaves a huge effect on the atmosphere. But sometimes we have to kill the roots because they can destroy our home walls, foundations, floor,…

What Is Damp Proof Course? The damp proof course is an important layer for all walls of the building that is provided near the ground in the wall to prevent dampness of the walls. In the properties of which there has no provided damp protection layer, that may be affected by excess moisture rising from…

What Is GIS In Surveying? GIS stands for a geographic information system. An information system is a computer program that manages data. A GIS is a type of information system that deals specifically with geographic or spatial information. GIS is a fastly growing technological field that incorporates graphical features with tabular data in order to…

Waterproof a Concrete Roof At a first, the concrete roof is only used for commercial buildings, but nowadays to increase the architectural view of residential buildings concrete roofing is used. In roofing materials nowadays, concrete shingles become the most usable material. After constructing a concrete roof you have to ensure that, your concrete roof is…

How Are Bridges Built? As human beings started to expand across lands and territories, we had a structure to overcome natural obstacles and barriers. Engineers exploited their tools to create bridges, linking us between towns and changing the whole landscape. The first method is used for bridges which are built-in low depth water. In low…

Plinth Area Meaning: The plinth area means we know the built-up covered area at the floor level of the basement or of any story. The plinth area is also referred to as the total area captured by the building along with the interior or exterior wall and also known as the built-up area. The plinth area…

What is Footing? Foundation Definition: The footing is generally supporting columns and may be round, square, or rectangular at a plan and in section. They may be of the slab — stepped or sloping type. Thia stepped footing results at a better distribution of load than a slab footing. A sloped footing isn’t less economical,…

Introduction of Concrete Repair Method Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials in the construction industry all over the world. Concrete is a versatile construction material that possesses various advantages as compared to other construction materials. There are many defects that occur in the concrete with time due to an aggressive environment. There…

Introduction of Floating Foundation Foundation is one of the most important parts of the structure which carries the total load of the Structure and transmits it to the underneath strata. There are many parameters which have to be properly studied by the Geotechnical engineer before the construction of foundation otherwise there will be major problems…

What Is Wood? Wood is a natural product and one of the most beautiful materials, providing a long-term sustainable solution to endless applications. Wood is an organic material, meanings it comes from nature, and the part of nature from that wood comes is the trunks and branches of trees. A structure of the wood itself…

Introduction of Gothic Architecture Since the day the human left caves and started living in houses, the birth of architecture occurred. From that day to the modern era, many types of architectural style has been invented, established, and then disappeared from this world leaving different pieces of its existence at different places of the earth….

What Is Spalling of Concrete? Spalling of concrete at fires is the breaking-off of layers of a concrete surface in response to applied heat. Spalling may be either localized or widespread depending upon the fire and concrete condition, particularly moisture content, and the susceptibility to the break-up of heat-unstable aggregate particles. Also Read: 17 Types of…

Introduction of Curb and Gutter There are various types of Curbs and gutters are used in the construction of light and heavy pavements of the road. The Curb and Gutter are installed along the length of the road. The main purpose of providing a curb and gutter is to strengthen the pavement of the road….

What Is Curing of Concrete? Curing performs a crucial role in the growth as well as the resilience of concrete strengths. Since applying water to that same concrete mixture there is an exothermic process that tends to toughen the concrete. Hardening of concrete also isn’t instantaneous yet lasts for a prolonged period of time, taking…

Introduction of Bamboo Bamboo is one of the oldest and traditional construction materials used in different construction activities. The bamboos strength it is more as compared to other construction materials. Bamboo as a building material has greater compressive strength and it is lightweight so that it is widely used as a construction material. In this…

Introduction of Foundation: Foundation is one of the most important parts of the building. The foundation plays a crucial role in the structure and it is the lowermost part of the building below the ground level which provides a base for the structure. Foundation is the main part of the building which receives the total…

Why Hairline Cracks in Concrete? Hairline Cracks in concrete are extremely common but often misunderstood. Once an owner sees a crack in his slab or wall, especially if the concrete is relatively new, he automatically assumes there is something wrong. This isn’t always this case. Some types of cracks are inevitable. Best that a contractor…

History of Brutalist Architecture: The history of brutalist architecture goes back three years the 1940s to the 1950s when it first emerges. In the year of 1940, on the verge of the second world war, nazi germany attacked Britain with their massive air fleet. In response to that, Britain resisted the attack with its royal…