Introduction of Pier and Beam Foundation The foundation plays important role in the construction of the building. The strength of the structure depends on how the foundation of the building is constructed. In the olden days Pier and beam foundation is widely used in the construction of these structures because of its economy. In this…

What Is Stone? Stone is a naturally available building material that has been used in the early age of civilization. It’s available in the form of rocks, which can be cut into the required size and shape and used as a building block. It has been used to construct small residential buildings into large temples…

Introduction of Soak Pit Design If there is no intention or need to reuse wastewater, collected rainwater or gray water, immersion pits can offer an economic opportunity for partial treatment of waste-water or ash from a primary treatment (eg septic tank, double pits for flush toilets, biogas collector, deflector anaerobic reactor, etc.) and a relatively…

Introduction of Undercoat Paint plays a crucial role in the appearance of the structure. Paint also protects the structure from the external agencies. Painting enhances the aesthetical view of the structure. It is very necessary that the painting of the home should be done properly because it helps to maintain the overall condition of the…

What Is Septic Tank? A septic tank collects and treats wastewater in a property that isn’t linked to the mains sewer system and is, thus, most commonly used in rural areas. The term ‘septic’ means’infected with microorganisms’; the tanks contain bacteria that break down organic waste. The inclusion of a bacterial treatment mechanism would be…

What Is Folded Plate? When assemblies of flat plates are rigidly connected together with each other along their edges, such setup is known as Folded Plate. Folded Plates are connected to in such a way that the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the need of additional supporting beams along mutual edges. The…

What Is Window Glazing? Window glazing is one of the best innovations that help to maximize the energy of the buildings. Doors and windows are a-holes in the walls through which around 70% of heat loss occurs. Hence, the type of doors and windows you choose will significantly affect the energy efficiency of the buildings….

What Is Shotcrete? Shotcrete is a kind of refined concrete drizzled by a gas hose-pipe nozzle at high pressure & velocity on a projectile motion on a prepared wall surface. It is strengthened by conventional steel rods, steel mesh or fibres. It is often utilised in tunnels, underground walls, retaining walls, drainage systems & swimming…

Introduction of Brick Bat Coba We spent a lot of money on the interior and exterior view of our home. But many people don’t spend money on the waterproofing of their homes due to which they face the problems of leakages in the rainy season. Water is one of the biggest enemies of Buildings. It…

Introduction of Measuring Distance Distance measurement is usually regarded as the most fundamental of surveying observations. In traditional ground surveys, although many angles might be read, the length of at least one line has to be measured to supplement the angles in locating points. In-plane surveying, the distance between two points means the horizontal distance….

Dry Lean Concrete: Everything You Need to Know About Dry Lean Concrete Dry Lean Concrete is a mixture in which the amount of cement is less than the amount of liquid that is present in the layers. This makes it ideal as a base layer on which other types of concrete are placed on top….

What Is Carbon Steel? One of the trendy and widely used construction materials in the world contains steel. Steel are many types, and carbon steel is one of them. Steel, which contains over 0.8% of carbon, can be classified as high-carbon steel. This particular steel is approximately very hard and brittle. So it is likely to…

Instruction of Soffits and Fascia The Soffits and fascia play a vital role in the exterior of the structure. Many people don’t give importance to the soffit and fascia which runs along with the tails at the age of the roof. These are the Architectural Elements that are very helpful to protect the home from…

What Is a Benchmark in Surveying? Benchmark is a permanent and temporary reference point in surveying. The term is usually applied to any item used to mark a point as an elevation reference. Type of Benchmark in Surveying It is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation for some assumed datum is known. It…

What Is FSI? FSI Full-Form Floor Space Index FSI (Floor Space Index) means Floor space index- the ratio of the built-up space on a plot into the Area of the plot is a regulation followed at the development control norms of many cities. FSI directly tells us about the maximum permissible floor area, which may…

What Are Walls? A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area, carries a load, provides security, shelter, or soundproofing, or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including Walls in buildings that form a fundamental part of the superstructure or separate interior rooms, sometimes for fire safety. Also Read: What Is…

What Is PPC Cement? Portland Pozzolana cement is an incorporated cement produced in that certain ratio by the synthesis and characterization of OPC cement from pozzolana materials. It’s also generally referred to as PPC cement. PPC type cement is a form of Portland cement distinguished by the existence of pozzolana particles such as fly powder,…

What Is Admixture? Admixture is artificial or natural materials added to concrete, in addition to cement, water, and aggregates, to improve certain properties of concrete during casting, laying, or the service stage. To improve the properties of the concrete needed. It can be divided into two groups which are: Chemical Mineral Types of Admixtures Used…

What is Plaster Finishes? Having your walls up is not the end of the building construction process. If you want to decorate your walls or cover their uneven surfaces, your contractors can finish your building with plaster. Plastering is the process wherein the coarse surfaces of your walls or ceilings are covered to achieve a…

Introduction of Construction Beams There are various types of construction beams are used in buildings depending upon their function and the nature of work. Beams are generally constructed to support one or more points and the effective length of the beam between two supports is known as the span of the Beam. The Beam is…

What Is Pneumatic Structures? Pneumatic Structures are a special type of structure that is generally characterized by the slightly higher air pressure of internal surroundings. The word ‘Pneumatic’ means structures that are constructed with the support of Air Pneumatic structures were introduced in Building Technology about 40 years ago. The pneumatic structure is a membrane…

What Is a Concrete Vibrator? A concrete vibrator is a machine used for construction purposes in civil projects. concrete vibrators come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Some concrete vibrators are smaller, more efficient, and at battery power, while others are much larger with a primary power source based on electric power lines. Choosing…

Introduction of RQD In Civil engineering, different parameters are used to characterize the Quality of the rocks. Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of the rocks and Characteristics of rocks is one of the challenging parts of rock engineering. Rock mass has wide applications in the construction of structures, excavation, and tunnels and in maintaining stable…

Introduction to Extra Rapid Hardening Cement Time is one of the most important factors in construction projects. Time is directly connected to the cost of the project. The use of ordinary portland cement in the construction required more time for hardening and removal of Formwork. Whereas the Extra Rapid Hardening cement sets faster and also…

What Is a Retaining Wall? A retaining wall is a design of a structure; it is built when there is a desired change in ground elevation and to resist the lateral pressure of soil that exceeds the repose angle of the soil. At different levels on the two sides supporting soil laterally retaining, walls are…

Introduction of RCC ( Reinforced Cement Concrete) Concrete is a versatile material that is widely used for the construction of structures. RCC’s full form is Reinforced cement concrete. RCC meaning in civil engineering is a composite material that consists of steel and concrete ( which is a mixture of cement sand and aggregate) and is…

Introduction of English Bond & Flemish Bond Various types of bonds in brick masonry used for wall construction are classified depends on bonding style and laying of bricks in walls. The bond pattern used in brick masonry is developed by the mortar filling between two layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks are laid…

What Is Formwork? The construction of a concrete building requires formwork to support the slabs (horizontal formwork) as well as columns and walls (vertical formwork). The terms concrete formwork and concrete form carry the same meaning and are used interchangeably in this book. Formwork is defined as a temporary structure whose purpose is to provide…

Reamed Meaning Reamed is a cutting procedure for which a cutting process creates a very precise hole size. What Is Under-Reamed Pile Foundation? The Under-Reamed Piles Foundation is a response in areas whereby black cotton soil might eventually cause structural instability. In most instances, soils experience volumetric variations due to fluctuations in moisture below the…

What Is Chicken Mesh for Plaster? Chicken wire has specific properties for plastering use. Chicken wire mesh is formed by twisting two adjacent wires at least four times, forming a strong honeycomb mesh structure. So, it has high strength and durability. Using it when plastering effectively prevents the plaster layer from drying out and cracking….

What Is Crane? A crane is a significant type of construction machine that’s utilized to move loads horizontally. Equipped with a hoist rope, cable ropes, and sheaves, it may be used to lift heavy loads or transport them to other places. The mechanical benefits created by several elements on the crane may produce powerful strength….

What Is Well Foundation? Well Foundation is a type of deep foundation that is generally provided below the water level for bridges. Cassions or well have been in use for foundations of bridges and other structures since the Roman and Mughal periods. The term ‘ cassions ’ is derived from the French word Caisse which…

What Is Plaster? This is the process of covering rough walls, uneven surfaces in the construction house, and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar. Sometimes, the term ‘rendering’ is used instead of plastering when the plaster or cement is applied to the external surface of the wall either to improve the…

Introduction of Construction Certifications Certification can be a huge addition to a construction worker’s resume, as it tells an employer that you’re serious about keeping your qualifications and experience updated. Beyond the possible career development opportunities, certifications are needed in certain cases. Both state and national building codes, as well as project developers, now need…

What Is Hardened Concrete? Hardened concrete is a type of concrete that is strong and have the capacity to bear the structural as well as service loads that are applied to it. Hardened concrete is one of the strongest and most durable construction materials. Hardened concrete is concrete that is completely set and able to…

Introduction of Fire Escape Staircase Urbanization leads to the Construction of the High Rise building. It is also necessary to design high-rise buildings such that they will fulfill all the safety criteria. It is necessary to provide a fire escape in case of emergency or fire hazard. The staircase is one of the most preferred…

Introduction of Hollow Bricks Bricks are one of the most essential and commonly used Building units in the construction world after cement. Traditional bricks are widely used in the construction of Buildings. Nowadays there are many innovations and research going on in the construction industry to develop innovative and cost-effective Construction materials which have more…

What Is Bamboo Flooring? Bamboo flooring is evolving as a popular choice to standard hardwood flooring as it has material resemblances to hardwood but is more long-lasting, eco-friendly, and endurable. Bamboo is not wood, it is a grass native to China that is trimmed down into stripes or strands, dried, and machined into flooring planks….

What Is Retrofitting? Retrofitting is the modern technique or methodology used to increase the structure’s reliability. Retrofitting is helped to develop safety, durability, and applicability of structure. It furthermore counts new characteristics or technology to the ancient structure. Simply, retrofitting is repairing and modifying the existing structure into a new stable structure that protects it…

What Is Coffered Ceiling? The coffered ceiling is like the baroque style which is invented in the early era of the Renaissance when all the other ceilings are made of stones. At that time coffered ceilings are attached to the nobility because it is a very expensive type of ceiling. Coffered ceilings can produce different…

Introduction of Automation in Construction Construction is one of the largest industries all over the world. Various Reports state that the construction sector contributes to about 10% of the economy of the country. The construction industry has one of the largest market capitalizations and potential. Despite there are many construction firms that are struggling due…

What Is Building? A building is a structure that consists of a roof, floor, walls, foundations, door, windows, etc. The building shelters us, protection from weather and bugs, and thieves, and provides all comforts that help us live a better life. The building can be constructed depending on many factors, including weather conditions, soil conditions,…

Top-Down Construction The easy description of the top-down construction method will help the storeroom surface of the house will install in a system which, after realization of the cellar, will be set up from upper to lower surface by surface. What Is a Top-Down Construction? Regular houses with below-ground storage rooms will make by a…

Mastic Asphalt Flooring The surface of your house is another point, and there is no privacy. Its humidity and freezing floor are losing control and will be curious for another result, such as mastic asphalt flooring. Earlier, it would be best if you had dared to select mastic asphalt flooring because it’s one sheet, fudging…

Modulus of Rupture of Concrete Beam: Modulus of rupture of Concrete beam indicates the amount of compression and force the unstable beam can withstand under any condition and its resistance to bending. What Is Modulus of Rupture? Modulus of rupture measures the strength of civil construction parts like concrete, beams, or slabs. Modulus of rupture…

Definition of Design Period: The design period could be defined as the number of years in the near future in which the supply will surpass the demand. Or, It is the number of years in the near future in which the given facility is obtainable to satisfy the demand. Why Design Period Is Provided? The main…

Information of Septic Tanks System A septic tank is basically an underground structure that is made from concrete, plastic, or fiberglass. The main function of the septic tank is to store the domestic sewage for primary treatment. A septic tank is also known as a sewage collection tank which is commonly used in the areas…

Standard Height of Window from Floor Level To the base of the window from the floor level up, the height is known as the sill level of the window. It is the bottom or lowermost horizontal part of the window. According to the constructions from the floor level, the standard height of the windows is…

Properties of Stones The following properties of the stones should be looked into before selecting them for engineering works: Structure. Texture. Density. Appearance. Strength. Hardness. Percentage Wear. Porosity and Absorption. Weathering. Toughness. Resistance to Fire. Ease in Dressing. Seasoning. 1. Properties of Stones: Structure The structure of the stone may be stratified (layered) or unstratified….

What Is Azimuths Surveying? Azimuths are defined as horizontal angles that are measured from the reference meridian in a clockwise direction. Azimuths are also called whole circle bearing systems (W.C.B). Azimuths are used in compass surveying, and plane surveying, where it is generally measured from the north. Also Read: Types of Bearing Capacity Failures of Foundation…

Falsework Means The temporary structure is used to support a permanent structure, material, plant, equipment, and people until the construction of the permanent structure has advanced to the stage where it is self-supporting. Falsework includes the foundations, footings, and all structural members supporting the permanent structural elements. Falsework can be used to support formwork for…

Alignment of Road: Alignment is the center line position of the highway on the ground; it is also termed highway alignment. The alignment guides the good pass of the road through the right Alignment, which is the most economical and easy to construct. There are mainly two types of alignment- Horizontal Alignment: It includes a…

What Is Mortar? The term mortar is used to indicate a paste prepared by adding the required quantity of water into a mixture of binding material (cement or lime) and fine aggregate (sand). The above two elements of mortar, namely, the binding material and fine aggregate, are sometimes referred to as the matrix and adulterant,…

Introduction of Indian Road India is a very vast country and where the economic development of the country mainly depends upon its Transportation. The road is one of the most important modes of transport in India. Road plays a very crucial role in the overall development of the country. The Road network of India is…

Introduction to Levelling Levelling is one of the most important parts of surveying before starting the construction of roads, dams, or any other structures. It is a branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of the elevation of the point with respect to the datum level above or below the surface of the ground….

What Is Dressing of Stone? Dressing of stone is a process of providing a proper shape, size and smooth finish to the rough-surfaced broken stone which is collected from a quarry. This process is done by either hand tools or machinery. Hand tools are used as a pickaxe, chisel etc. The stone dressing process is…

What Is Injection Grouting? Injection Grouting is defined as the process of filling the cracks, and voids under pressure in the structural members for repairing the cracks and strengthening the damaged or deteriorated masonry structures. In the process of grouting, the cracks and the voids are get filled with the help of grouting material which…

What is Bridge? A Bridge, a connecting structure, create bonding between different disconnected parts of a country, two banks of the ocean, or parts of two countries. Also Read: What Is Super Elevation? | Superelevation Definition | Purpose of Providing Superelevation in Roads | Calculation of Superelevation in Roads | Minimum and Maximum Superelevation in Roads…

What Do You Mean by Skeleton Frame? A skeleton frame is a framed structure often used for the construction of multi-story buildings. It incorporates a network, or system, of columns and connecting beams that support the building’s interior floors and exterior walls and carries all loads to the foundations. There are different types of framed…

What Is Plasticizer In Civil? Plasticizers us in concrete for the workability, Strength, and Durability of concrete. Plasticizer in concrete for Water-reducing admixtures usually reduces the required water content for a concrete mixture by about 5 to 12 percent. The use of water-reducing admixtures is defined as Type A in ASTM C 494. The WRA…

Introduction of Beam The Beam is the horizontal structural member which is used to resist the loads which are applied laterally to the axis. Beams are generally used to support on one or more points and the effective length of the beam between two ends supports is known as the span of the beam. In…

What Is Bridge? A bridge is a system for transporting road traffic and perhaps other moving loads across a deep gorge or obstacle, including a river, a canal, a road, or a railroad. Throughout ancient times, the first bridges are built across small streams only with aid of trees down or togs of wood. Subsequently,…

What Is Honeycomb In Concrete? This takes place when the mortar doesn’t fill the distance between the coarse aggregate particles. The presence of honeycomb indicates that the first stage of consolidation hasn’t yet been completed at these locations. Where it shows on the surface, it is necessary to chip out the area and make a…

What Is Dampness? The most common source of dampness is due to the capillary attraction of sub-soil water in the foundation and walls of the building. Water can penetrate the masonry through faulty sills, bad workmanship, etc. and hence in buildings, a layer of water repellent material called damp proof course (DPC) is introduced, which acts as a barrier…

Introduction of Bond Beam Block vs Lintel Block: Bond beam is a horizontal structural element that is generally provided above the brickwork to strengthen the wall. In this article, you will get to know about the Bond beam blocks and lintel blocks. What Is a Bond Beam? The Bond beam blocks are the horizontal concrete masonry units. The bond…

What Is Stone Masonry? The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed stone masonry. Where the stones can be found in abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as walls, columns, tooting, arches, beams, etc. Stone…

The network technique is a major advance in management science. This technique is based on the basic characteristics of all projects, that all work must be done in well-defined steps. For example, for completing a foundation, the various steps are (1) Layout, (ii) Digging, (iii) Placing Sideboards, and (iv) Concreting. The network technique exploits this…

History of Gypsum Plaster Gypsum plaster has been used as an interior wall and ceiling finish for thousands of years throughout the world. You may be surprised to learn that gypsum plaster was used to finish the interior walls of the massive pyramids of Giza in Egypt built around 2,500 BC, 4,500 years ago. In…

What Is M Sand? Manufactured sand (M-Sand) is an additional river sand for concrete structures. Manufactured sand is created as rigid granite stone by crushing. The crushed sand is of cubical form with grounded boundaries, washed, and classified as a building material. The extent of manufactured sand (M-Sand) is a reduced amount of 4.75 mm….

What Is a Slab? Slabs are structural elements manufactured from concrete constructed to produce flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in building floors, roofs, and bridges. The slab is usually several inches hefty & is additionally supported by walls, concrete beams are usually cast monolithically with the slab, by steel beams, by columns, or anchored by the…

What Is Sand? Sand could be a blend of bijou grains of rock & granular materials, which is distinctly defined by size, being more admirable than gravel & coarser than silt. Sand is composed of erosion or broken pebbles & weathering of rocks, which are toted away by seas or rivers & chilling & defrosted…

Which Test Gives a Better Estimation of the Friction Angle? Usually, the economics of the project dictates the type of test you would use for the determination of the friction angle. Nonetheless, the best test to determine the friction angle of soil is the one that is more analogous to the problem at hand. For…

What Is Sewerage? A sewerage system, or waste product assortment system, maybe a mesh of pipes, pumping stations, and appurtenances that convey waste stuff from its points of origin to a degree of treatment and disposal. What Is a Storm Drain? A storm drain, storm sewer, surface water drain/sewer, or storm-water drain is an infrastructure…

What Are Defects in Painting? Painting is one of the important finishing works used in structural construction in Civil Engineering. Painting creates a coat-like formation that prevents attacks from various atmospheric factors like cold, heat, frost, rainfall, etc. But there are also some defects which are found in painting, those defects are- Types of Defects…

With climate change upon us, we are counting on engineers like you to help save the planet so no pressure. Environmental engineering is a broad topic and covers a range of scientific and engineering areas that are dedicated to reducing waste and pollution while improving environmental conditions for all of us. It deals with innovative…

What Is Consistency of Cement? Any Cement paste requirement of minimum water in cement paste to initiate the chemical reaction. This chemical reaction calls the consistency of cement. This method calls the consistency of cement test. What Is the Initial Setting Time of Cement? Initial setting time of cement: Casting cement past in any mold…

Introduction of Glass Block Floor Glass blocks are one of the unique construction materials which were developed in 1900. The main function of the Glass block is to provide the natural light of the sunlight. Glass blocks are generally made smaller and significantly thicker. Glass blocks are also known as glass bricks. Glass block is…

What Is Reinforced Brick Masonry? Reinforced brick masonry is totally different from the normal method of brick masonry. The reinforced brick masonry consists of brick masonry which has Steel reinforcement embedded in the mortar. Reinforced brick masonry is brickwork that is strengthened by using mild steel iron mesh or bars which are known as Reinforced…

Introduction of Slab Construction The concrete slab is a horizontal surface of a residential building or commercial building, factory, flat, etc. The thickness of the steel-reinforced slab is near about 100-500mm. These types of slabs are used for ceiling and floor purposes. Less thin slabs are used to construct exterior paving. Sometimes in a domestic…

Introduction of Vitrified Tiles Tiles are one of the most important parts of the interior of the building. Tiles give a smooth and plane surface to the interior of the buildings. Tiles enhance the beauty of the floors in the interior of the structure. There are different types of tiles for the house available in…

Introduction of Shyam Steel Industries Ltd. Shyam Steel Industries Ltd started its journey in 1953 with a small factory in Howrah, West Bengal which is now one of the leading TMT Bar Manufacturers & Supplier in India. Shriram Beriwal, the founder-director of Shyam Steel always dreamt of contributing to the greater good of our society….

Roller Compacted Concrete Roller Compacted Concrete also known as RCC. Roller Compacted Concrete takes its name from the construction method used to build it. It’s placed with conventional or high-density asphalt paving equipment, then compacted with rollers. Roller-compacted concrete has the same basic ingredient as conventional concrete: cement, water, and aggregates, such as gravel or…

What Is Plaster? This is the process of covering rough walls, uneven surfaces in the construction house, and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar. Sometimes, the term ‘rendering’ is used instead of plastering when the plaster or cement is applied to the external surface of the wall either to improve the…

Aggregates Aggregates are inert granular, substances like either sand gravel or crushed stone which are an important component in concrete, alongside water and portland cement. Aggregates must be pure, hard, solid particles free from ingested chemicals or adhesives of clay as well as other fine materials for a good concrete mix that could trigger the…

What Is Mix Design of Concrete? Concrete mix design involves a process of preparation in which a mix of ingredients creates the required strength and durability for the concrete structure. The ingredients to be tested: are water, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate, cement, chemicals, reinforcement, and soil. Nominal Mix The nominal mix specifies the fixed…

What Is Seasoning of Timber? The wood spice process is the process by which the moisture in the wood is reduced to the required level. By reducing the moisture content, strength, elasticity, and durability properties are developed. A well-seasoned wood contains 15% moisture content. It is a process by which the amount of moisture in…

What Is Unit Weight? The ratio of the weight of a material to its volume is its unit weight, sometimes termed specific weight or weight density. The unit weight of water, γw, is 9.81 kN/m3 in the SI system and 62.4 lb/ft3 in the English system. What Is Density? The term density is used herein…

Joints of Stone Masonry The construction which is done with the help of stones and bonded together with mortar is known as Stone Masonry. Stone Masonry is widely used where the stones are available in abundance. The stone masonry is the type of masonry construction which is done with stones and cement mortar. Stone Masonry…

Introduction of WPC Board Vs. Plywood The Interior of the structure plays a vital role in improving the aesthetical value of your home. So it is very important that you should choose one of the best materials for the interiors. There are various materials available in the market for the Interior design of the home…

Introduction of Dry Pack Mortar Dry pack mortar is simply a mixture of cement, sand, and water in the appropriate proportion. Dry pack mortar is also known as deck mud or floor mud. Dry pack mortar is used for repairing the concrete cracks and filling up the deep holes in the concrete. What Is Dry…

Introduction to Shell Structure Nowadays there is a need for construction of the buildings which are in closed-form structures. The main purpose of constructing the Shell Structure that it will cover a larger area of the building. The construction of shell structures is gaining popularity in areas where there is a high risk of earthquakes….

Introduction of Gravity of Dam The Gravity dam is defined as a structure that is designed and constructed such that the own weight of the gravity dam resists the external forces. The Gravity dam is most durable and solid which requires very less maintenance. The Gravity dam is constructed from masonry or concrete. Gravity dams…

What Is Brick Masonry? It is constructed by placing the bricks in the mortar in an orderly manner to produce solid loads, which withstand excessive loads. There are a number of types of bricks and mortars that can be used to manufacture brick masonry. Bonding in brick masonry, which adheres to bricks simultaneously, is constructed…

What Is Flyover? Flyovers, over a flyover, underpasses, overpasses, etc. are some examples of engineering marvels that allow for the effort of people and saving of time, vehicles, and even trains. Normally flyover is made over water bodies like rivers, but bridges are meant to provide the roadway for pedestrians and even vehicles over a…

What is CBR Test? CBR Test Full Name is California Bearing Ratio (CBR) In the year 1930, this test was developed by the California Division of Highways around 1930 and was consequently accepted by several states, nations, the U.S. federal agencies, and worldwide. As a result, in the US, most agency and commercial geotechnical laboratories…

What Is Quarrying of Stones? You must have heard the words mine and quarry. The operations of taking out the materials from the ground at great depths are known as mining, whereas in the case of the quarry, the operations for taking out the match (Stone) are carried out at ground level in an exposed…

What Is Orthographic Projection? Orthographic views consist of one, two, or more separate aspects of an object taken from different directions & different sizes, generally at right angles to each other and arranged in a definite manner. These views collectively describe the object. Orthographic views of any purpose can be represented by any one of…

What Is Foundation? All engineered construction work resting on the earth must be carried by some interfacing element called a foundation. The foundation is part of an engineered system that transmits to, and into, the underlying rock and soil the loads supported by the foundation and its self-weight. The resulting soil stresses except at the…

What is Soft Flooring? Soft flooring is defined as a secondary floor to some extent sort of hard flooring. The adding of the extremely elastic sheet decreases footfalls in addition quiets the sound to a excessive amount as associated to a solitary distinctive hard floor. It is a very widespread choice and is extensively accepted…