History of Brutalist Architecture: The history of brutalist architecture goes back three years the 1940s to the 1950s when it first emerges. In the year of 1940, on the verge of the second world war, nazi germany attacked Britain with their massive air fleet. In response to that, Britain resisted the attack with its royal…

Introduction of Marble and Granite Someone busy planning the interior of their home, let me tell you research is very crucial, and one of the difficult choices the owners have is choosing between Marble and Granite. Both Marble and Granite are natural materials and are often mistaken for each other. There can be drastic variations…

What Is Paint Finishes for Walls? If you have selected a fresh paint color for your home makeover design, you may feel you’re preparing to block the paint discount store. However, there’s another move to select your pain-the finish since you do. Paint comes in several finishes, and you’ll need to realize which finishes are…

What Is Architecture? The techniques and art of making the layout of buildings and constructing the building are architecture. Designing and decorating, selecting of furnishings, having supervision for construction, and renovating or remodeling a building. Architecture is an art. Besides designing and constructing architecture deals with aesthetics. Every building that was built by humans from…

What Is Bond Breaker? In the modern construction industry, the term “prefabrication” or “precast” holds a significant value. Concrete elements are generally of two types; those are Precast and cast-in-situ construction. If the Precast construction, the concrete is cast at a place other than the site, which is when required, are brought to the site…

All About of Concrete Batching Generally, concrete is a multipurpose, eco-friendly construction material that is widely used in most construction all over the world. Concrete is also an inexpensive material. Now we need to prepare this type of material, but if you are going to prepare good quality, then you need to consider all the…

What Is Superstructures? The portion above the ground level and below the ground floor level is known as a plinth. The portion above the ground floor level is known as super-structure. It includes columns, walls, beams, floors, roofs, doors, windows, lintels, staircases, etc. In this article types of super-structures based on the method of load,…

What Color Helps You Fall Asleep? You may apply soft pillows, a glossy blanket, a solid cushion, and slow music still, and you cannot sleep too soon. There are some purposes after your sleep hour in your time, but the nearby color development even acts as a necessary part of your immediate sleep. After learning…

What Is Fat Lime? Fat lime is also known as Rich lime, High calcium lime, Pure lime, White lime. It is obtained by calculating limestones. When water is added to this lime, it produces hissing sound, a lot of heat is liberated it cracks and its volume is increased by 2-3 times the presence of…

What is Waffle Slab Foundation? The waffle slab foundation system is also called a waffle mat foundation. The waffle slab foundation is constructed above the ground like a mat foundation and is also used to provide a load-bearing capacity on expensive, compressible, rocky, or hydro collapsible soil. To construct a waffle slab foundation at first,…

What Is Transportation Engineering? Transportation plays an important role in the development of the country. Transportation Engineering is a branch of civil engineering which deals with the planning, designing, operation, and maintenance of an efficient and safe transportation system. It is a responsibility of Transportation Engineer to plan, design, build and operate the whole Transportation…

What Is Pad Foundation? Pad footing is the type of shallow footing used to spread a concentrated load through columns into the soil mass. It’s also known as isolated footing. It can also be deep, depending upon the ground conditions. It can either be reinforced or non-reinforced. It’s constructed by digging holes into the ground,…

Types of Roof Tiles There are various types of tiles that are available in the market. There are mainly twelve types of tiles are available, those are Slate Roof Tile Metal Roof Tile Concrete Roof Tile Composite Roof Tile Solar Roof Tile Clay Roof Tile Synthetic Spanish Barrel Roof Tile Synthetic Slate Roof Tile Synthetic Cedar…

What Is Mat Foundation? Mat foundation is also called a raft foundation. Generally, it is a continuous slab laying on the soil on which all the columns and beam of the structure are constructed. By the mat foundation, all load of the building or structure is transferred to the soil. Where the soil condition is…

Introduction of Soil Vent Pipe The plumbing system and the Drainage of the important aspect of the building because it helps to drain off the wastewater from the building. The wastewater in the building should be properly removed through the pipes to the septic tanks and sanitary sewer. If the proper design and fittings of…

Introduction of Shotcrete Vs Gunite Shotcreting and Guniting are one of the most important and widely used techniques in construction. The purpose of using the shotcrete and Guniting method is the same but the process of application is different. Guniting and shotcreting are both different techniques. Many people do not know the difference between Guniting…

Introduction of Hydraulic Cement Water is the biggest enemy of the Civil Engineering Structures. Water can cause great damage to the structures. It is very necessary to protect the structures from moisture which can cause huge damage to the structures. The other types of cement cannot be used for the construction of the structures which are…

What Is Bulking of Sand? The free moisture content in the fine aggregate or sand results in bulking of its volume. The phenomenon of increase in sand volume due to the addition of water or increase of moisture content is termed as Bulking of Sand. Bulking of Sand occurs when a film of water is…

What Is Sandbag Cofferdam? The cofferdam is a short-term design that supports the building activity behind the logical waterless situation. A sandbag is none but a bag covered with sand and brick. While these sandbags will apply to create a cofferdam, it will call a sandbag cofferdam. In this process, void bags will equal as…

Introduction Top 20 AAC Block Company in India Best AAC Block Company in India or which AAC Block brand company should I go to build my house? These are some of the common questions of ordinary people when it comes to building a home or building your own home. Well, most use aac block on…

What is a Transom? The transom is blank of the window, but it is one kind of beam which divide the upper of the door and window from the wall volume. The chief motive of offering transom is to take the burden. This word is discover from the Latin word Trans which is known as…

What Is Plumbing Joint? Pipes are connected with the help of joints. A variety of joints are used in an assembly of pipes. Connecting two or more pipes together is called a fitting. Various types of joints could be used in a pipe as per the requirement. Joints are also used for multiple pipe connections…

Introduction of Vastu Tips for Home If you live in India then you must know about the word ‘Vastu‘. But if you do not know what Vastu is and how to follow the rules of Vastu while making a home then you shall read it. Since the beginning of human civilization, humans have cherished numerous…

What Is Tile Popping? Tile popping is a phenomenon in which the floor tiles pop out, crack, or flex, causing unevenness in the floor. Rather than concrete or marble, floor tiles are now common in most homes. The marble floor doesn’t need any form of polishing or finishing to look beautiful. The tiles are beautiful…

Introduction of Cantilever Bridge Cantilever Bridge is a special type of bridge which is constructed by using Cantilever members or the structures that project horizontally. In this article, you will get to know about cantilever bridges, type of cantilever bridge, and the Advantages and Disadvantages of cantilever bridges. What Does Cantilever Means? The cantilever is…

What Are Plastic Roads? Plastic Roads are roads that are made completely of plastic or composites of plastic made with other materials. Difference between a Plastic Road and a standard road is that standard roads are made entirely of asphalt concrete, which consists of mineral aggregates and asphalt, where as plastic roads are made up…

Introduction of Different Materials Used in Building Construction Building Materials are an essential element in the construction of any civil engineering structure. The durability and strength of the structure depend upon the quality of the building materials used in the structure’s construction. There are different types of construction materials available in the market and widely…

Introduction of Beam Bridge Bridges are one of the most important parts of the Infrastructure of the country which plays a great role in the transportation of raw materials from one end to another end. There are many types of bridges which are constructed for the movement of traffic. In which article, you will get…

What is a Raft Foundation? A raft foundation, also called a raft foundation, is essentially a continuous slab resting on the soil that extends over the entire footprint of the building, thereby supporting the building and transferring its weight to the ground. When determining which foundation is the most economical (foundation), the engineer should consider…

Introduction of Marble Price Marble is an easily available material in the market. It is used on floors and tables, washrooms, and walls of a house or building. The price of marble varies on so many different factors. From cheap to costlier a variety of marble is available. The quality of marble is also variable….

What Is Inverted Beam? The Inverted beam is a reinforced concrete beam, different types shape of beam-like I beam, T Beam, L beam, etc. So, the height of the Inverted beam is the same as the normal height of a beam, as may be noticed in as per below fig. Inverted beams are popular and…

Introduction of Door Hinges Hinge recreates a vital role in keeping your door in its right position. Hinges are generally used for doors and windows for interlocking. Hinges generally correspond to two leaves and a knuckle. The knuckle is formed by an interlocking corridor, generally an odd number. A leg runs through the center of…

Load Bearing Wall Construction: Load Bearing Wall Construction was most widely used form of construction for large buildings from the 1700’s to the mid 1900’s. Load Bearing Wall Construction is rarely used today in large buildings, but smaller residential buildings are being built. Load Bearing Wall Construction consists mainly of thick, heavy brick or stone…

Types of Paint Brushes and Their Uses Selecting current paint for your house is a great dramatic actor. We can expand times for seeking creation appearance but not believe that the finishing brush applies and choosing paint colors and varieties of color brushes equally consequential. Due to affordable paints do not give a suitable feel…

What Is Guniting? The process was applicable in construction work, where it applied in the stabilization of prone or sloppy areas. Mainly purpose of this process is to heal some specific kinds of problems, like tank construction (contain water, storage for some specific chemicals), swimming pool construction, retaining wall for basement tanks, and repair works for…

What Are Floating Houses? Floating house is generally a modern type of technology which is very popular in recent times. In today’s world, there are lack of free space to build a house or any type of structure because all the accessible free places are almost covered up. To recover this problem, you need to think…

What Is Calacatta Quartz? Calacatta quartz is hardware that features calacatta marmoreal, a model of marmoreal. The shade of calacatta quartz is neat. It is also bright pale, although it always details unique style mode grey to gold. Types of Calacatta Quartz Here, the different types of calacatta quartz are as follows. Calacatta Classique Quartz…

Instruction of Pitched Roof From the beginning of civilization, roofs are one of the essential structural components, necessary for building construction. Roofs protect the building structure and the inhabitants from adverse atmospheric and exposure condition and also to enable privacy to its inhabitants. The design and construction of a roof necessitate the consideration of several…

What is Bitumen? Bitumen is a viscous, solid, or nonvolatile liquid. Bitumen is a complex and complected colloid system, the chemical properties of that are determined by the properties of crude oil by which it’s produced. Pure bitumen is a colloid dispersion of microscopic asphalt particles in oil (dispersion agent).The chemical composition of bitumen is…

Plumbing Valve A plumbing valve is a system that is installed in the plumbing system. Plumbing is generally defined as the system where we need to install pipes and other required works to fix the drainage system. What Is Plumbing Valve? A plumbing valve is a type of valve which is installed in the pipeline. A…

What Is a Sewage Pump? A sewage pump will apply to move sewage liquids and stability from one place to other. The main things which may conduct mushy stable up to 2 inches in width will pump from sewage pump to a sewer septic tank, and the final application of the sewage pump will design….

What Are Bathroom Accessories? The bathroom needs every section of the house. Now, bathrooms are essential for us. The bathroom isn’t big, but its style should be ready delicately. The structure of the bathrooms also depends on what other kinds of bathroom accessories and washroom accessories approve. Bathroom items usually pay attention to the early stages…

Why Are Energy-Efficient Homes Necessary? We are staying in a production where regular energy root will apply at a fast speed. We must protect them for our upcoming reproduction because we are all careful. More time will use at the house, and by constructing energy-efficient homes, these standard energy roots can also decrease, or irregular…

What is Commercial Building Roof? Commercial roofs are available in the marketplace in different types and different shapes according to the budget of the owner and the needs of the building. Types of roofs and the durability of the roof play an important role in the health of your building and the longevity of the…

What Is Roof Overhangs? The distance between the house’s siding and the roof determines how much of an overhang there is on the roof. A structure known as the soffit is what can be found beneath an overhang. Although overhangs on slate roofs are typically longer than those on other roofs, almost all buildings have…

Introduction of Canal Canal plays one of the most important roles in transportation and global commerce. The canal is widely used for the irrigation and drainage urban Water Supply, hydroelectric power generation, transportation of cargo and power generation purposes. In this article, you will get to know what is a Canal Irrigation and the classification…

What Is Transportation of Concrete? Transportation of concrete is a process where we move freshly prepared concrete from one place to another place. Generally, we move concrete to that place where that concrete need to be dumped for structural construction purpose. The method of transportation of concrete depends upon the setting time of concrete, workability…

What Is Bolt? A bolt is an externally threaded fastener created for the insertion through holes in the assembled parts. Generally, bolts are intended to be released by nuts. This Bolts in a uniform circular cross-section, the threads are spiral in structure and have a smaller pitch as compared to screws. These bolts don’t have tapered…

What Are Walls? Wall is a structural element that divides the space (room) into two spaces (rooms) and also provides safety and shelter. Generally, the walls are differentiated as two types of outer-walls and inner-walls. Outer-walls give an enclosure to the house for shelter, and inner-walls help to partition the enclosure into the required number…

What Is the Purpose of the Gabion Wall? A gabion wall is an arresting division designed by mountain rock covered with gabions tied up with wire. As a substitute mountain parallel, gabions retaining walls will commonly deteriorate with the lean surface. The gabion derives from an Old Italian word ”gabion” expressing vast jail. A gabion…

Introduction of Difference Between Rafter and Truss. The Roof Framing system has undergone a huge revolution over the last some years. The main function of the Rafters and Trusses is to support the roof of the structure. If you are constructing your new home, then you may be confused that what should use to support…

Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate: The sand fineness module (fine aggregate) is an index number describing the mean size of sand particles. By doing sieve analysis with normal sieves, it is measured. The accumulated percentage kept on each sieve is applied and the sum of the fine aggregate is subdivided by 100. To find the…

What Is Skirting? In civil engineering, skirting is one of the most important part. Skirting is constructed in almost every residential building, commercial building, industrial building, etc. Generally skirting is a board which is provided in the junction point of the wall and the interior wall throughout its length. Generally skirting covers the many dispute…

Introduction of Bridge Human beings have been constructing bridges for about four thousand years. The oldest and still existing bridge in the world is perhaps the Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei Province in China, originally constructed approximately in A.D. 600. However, bridge design and construction then may not be considered bridge engineering practice by today’s definition….

What Is Bow Window? Bow window a type of window which is used to provide extra space to the homeowner. It creates extra space by projecting beyond the exterior wall of the building and provides extra wider view of the street or the garden. Bow window is widely known as the compass window. Bow window…

Types of Kitchen Faucets The below kinds of kitchen faucets will checklist. Touchless Kitchen Faucets Pull Out and Pull Down Kitchen Faucets Single and Double Handles Kitchen Faucets Separate Sprayer’s Kitchen Faucets Commercial Kitchen Faucets Wall-Mounted Kitchen Faucets Touch Kitchen Faucet Pot Filler Faucets Let’s know detail knowledge of different types of Kitchen faucets. 1….

What Is Beam? The beam is a structural element that stands against the bending. Mainly beam carries vertical gravitational forces, but also pull the horizontal loads on it. The beam is called a wall plate or sill plate that carries the transmits and load it to the girders, columns, or walls. It is attached with….

What Is Drywall? Drywall is basically a gypsum board which is installed on the interior wall of the house. Drywall is widely known by some other names like gypsum panel, sheet-rock, wallboard, custard board, buster board, etc. In drywall, a gypsum board is sandwiched by two paper boards. Those are attached by quick set gypsum…

What Is a Pony Wall? The pony wall is small. Also, it is known as the ”knee wall,” and this wall is a short design wall that will not design from the surface to the roof. These walls are an excellent path to remove the space of a large room except the rejection of to…

What Is Sealant? The term “Sealant” can be simplified as “sealing elements”. Sealants are the materials, which are used to seal the progress of substance between two surfaces, or where two different characters meet. In the civil engineering field, sealants are materials, which is used to block the passage of any fluid or fluid-like substances,…

Mass Concrete: Large bridge piers, foundation, and such as dams like the massive structure, the mass concreting technique is used. For also, mass concrete strength, economy, uniformity, and other factors considered should take into account. The temperature shrinkage is the major problem in mass concrete work. To prevent shrinkage, one must have excellent control of…

What Is a Nail? Nail is the most common fasteners used in construction. Up to the end of the Colonial period, all nails used in the United States were handmade. They were forged on an anvil from nail rods, which were sold in bundles. These nail rods were prepared either by rolling iron into small…

Introduction of WCB Vs. QB Whole circle bearing(WCB) and Quadrantal bearing(QB) are the two types of bearing which is used in the field of surveying for the purpose of measurement of the bearings. In this article, you will get to know about the whole circle bearing and Quadrantal bearing and their differences. What Is Whole…

Mezzanine Floor The mezzanine floor is an intermediate floor of a building, below the open floor. At least twice as high as a floor with minimum height on a ceiling the mezzanine floor is placed halfway up the wall on a floor. To determining maximum floor space, a mezzanine does not count as one of…

Concrete joints are used to compensate when concrete expands or shrinks with changes in temperature. Concrete joints are normally used to prevent cracking when concrete contractions, creating training, tools, sawdust, and placement of joint builders. Pre-planned cracks will provide a finishing product with a better finish and will be formed in specific locations where those…

Types of Houses The types of houses vary from old to new times. Due to turn of people live hood. Now a day’s sum of complications is dependent on purchasing a home. Like the economic figure, lifestyle of people, modern appearance, kinds of houses, elements, area, natural character, environmental status, etc. The estate retail has…

What Is Camber in Road? It’s mostly found in the highways the median part of the road surface is elevated with regards to the edges. This slope from the diagonal direction is known as the Camber. The purpose of the camber is to drain out the rainwater from the road surface around the edges. Camber…

Introduction of RCC Column The whole structure of a building is comprised of different types of components. The column is one of the most important parts of the Framed Structure. Columns are designed to carry the axial loads in compression. The Columns are used all over the world for the decorative as well as structural…

Introduction of Bay Window Bay windows are generally a set of three or more windows that creates an outer angle beyond the exterior wall of a house. Bay windows can be of many shapes like square, hexagonal, octagonal, and so on. Bay windows can largely be seen in the west. Mainly in Europe. But it…

What Are Driveways? When there is no offering their knowing factors, driveways can and must will express to be fairness desirable- if done correctly. Basically, with the correct owner, this is an aim that is simply getting. Also Read: Different Types of Pavers for Driveways Types of Driveways 1. Concrete Driveways Concrete is desirable to be…

What Is Luminous Flux? Luminous flux, or luminous power, is the measure of the perceived power of light. It differs from the measure of the total power of light emitted, termed ‘radiant flux‘ in that the former takes into account the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. In other words,…

23 Types of cement that are available and used in India. Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade Portland Slag Cement Portland Pozzolana Cement Coloured Cement/White Cement Sulphate Resisting Cement Low Heat Portland Cement Rapid Hardening Cement Hydrophobic Portland Cement Extra Rapid Hardening Cement Quick Setting Cement…

What Is an Arch? An arch is a design built up in a curved arc with a block arch system, which will connect with concrete and offer an opener to help the density wall more than with another underlying burden. Because of its design, the obligations more than carry dispense to bits of help. Also…

Definition of Construction Construction is the methodology of developing a building or infrastructure. Manufacturing refers to production of comparable items with no particular purchaser, while construction occurs on a location for a known client. What is Building Construction? Building development is the methodology of addition of structure to property. The overwhelming majority of building construction…

How to Get Rid of Paint Smell? The paint smell is one of the very annoying things in our house or room. We are naturally using water based paint that does not contain too much smell. There are a few steps or processes are available to remove that smell, those are- Good Ventilation: Good ventilation…

Introduction of Doors Doors are an important part of the buildings which provide entrance and exit in the building. The door is defined as an openable barrier or a Framework which is made up of steel, aluminum, wood, or a combination of these all materials. In this article, we are discussing the various types of doors…

Introduction of Concrete Finishing Concrete is a versatile building material which is widely used in the construction industry. Concrete is a mixture of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water in the appropriate proportion. Finishing is one of the most important parts after the casting of the concrete because it gives aesthetical view to the…

What Is Concrete? Concrete is the final product resulting from mixing cement, aggregates (including sand), water, and mixtures. It is initially malleable in its “wet” state and solidifies over time, gaining strength and durability. The first use of concrete was by the Roman Empire. Although there is some indication that earlier civilizations used a distant…

Introduction of Properties of Cement   Cement is one of the most widely used building materials in the construction Industry. Almost every type of construction required the use of cement. Cement is basically used as a binding material and it is one of the important civil engineering construction materials. Cement has various Physical as well…

What Is Classification of Bricks? Many types of brick available in the market. All bricks are a different purpose and different place used, so us classification bricks as below. Classification of Bricks Based on Shape Based on Quality Based on Their Using Based on Raw Materials Based on Building Process Based on Manufacturing Method Bricks…

What Is Lintel Beam? The lintel is a horizontal flexural member that spans over the openings in the walls for doors, windows, ventilators, cupboards, etc. A load of masonry above the opening is transferred to the wall by flexural action of the lintel so that frames of doors, windows, etc. are not unduly loaded. The…

What Is Sunken Slab (Sunk Slab)? The sunken slab is one of the familiar and adaptable ways to maintain architectural design in especially the washroom, as well as laundry areas where water drainage systems or pipes installed below the floor or tiles. This system is accepted to provide an easy way to install sanitary products…

Introduction of Concrete Mixer Concrete is one of the main and widely used building materials in construction. Concrete is prepared by mixing cement, aggregates, and water. Traditionally concrete is prepared by manually mixing cement, aggregates, and water with the help of construction tools. But the concrete which is made by manual mixing does not give…

Selection of the right lateral force resisting system has a significant effect on the performance of the structure in steel structures. In this article, you will get to learn about the bracing systems and types of bracing systems used in steel structures. What Is Bracing? The bracing systems are an essential element for the which…

What Is Caisson Foundation? Caisson is a watertight structure which it is generally made up of timber, steel, and reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C) and constructed in connection with the excavation for the foundation of piers, bridges, and dock structures etc. Basically, the word Caisson means a box-type structure. It is a large diameter foundation which…

Grillage Foundation A foundation consisting of one, two or more layers of beams (typically steel) superimposed on a concrete layer to disperse the load over a large area is a foundation for grilling. It is used at the base of the columns. These layers are wrapped in concrete and are at right angles to each…

What Is Pier Foundation? A pier foundation is a collection of large diameter cylindrical columns to support the superstructure and transfer large super-imposed loads to the firm strata below. It stood several feet above the ground. It is also known as “post foundation”. or Drilled pier foundations, the subject matter of this article, belong to…

What Is Plaster? This id the process of covering rough walls, uneven surfaces in the construction house and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar. Sometimes, the term ‘rendering’ is used instead of plastering when the plaster or cement is applied to the external surface of the wall either to improve the…

What is Asphalt Flooring? This floor is water-resistance, unclean, junction, acid-resistance and charming in look and like pretty famous nowadays and this floor are even anti-skid and soundless. Asphalt flooring is a flat plane coating produced from a combination of asphalt, chrysotile, paint, and glass beads. It is generally about 1/8 or 3/16 inch flat…

Drywall Water Damage Repair What is drywall? A question often asked by many people. So before knowing how to fix damaged drywall by yourself you must have a brief idea about the structure, composition, and nature of drywall. A drywall is nothing but a panel of calcium sulfate dihydrate commonly known as gypsum which is…

What Are Differences Between Shear Slump and Collapse Slump in Slump Test? The differences that can be seen between shear slump and collapse slump in lump test are. During slump test when half of the cone slides down in an inclined plane, it is called a shear slump. Shear slump is an indication of the…

What Is Glass? Glass is generally the oldest material and fancy material which is used in the building industry and for other purposes. Glass is generally installed to enhance the beauty of the structure and provides a premium look. Glass is also a fascinating material among people since its discovery. Glass is basically a hard…

What Is Hempcrete? Hempcrete is a bio-composite that is made from the inner wood core of the hemp plant and mixed with the lime and other natural materials. It is also known as hemp-concrete. Hemp is a plant that grown without any use of plant protection chemicals. It required a very little amount of water…

Quality Testing of Sand at The Construction Site for The Concrete There are different methods for testing the quality of sand at the construction site for concrete construction. The quality of the sand is as important as other materials for concrete. The most different, which passes through the 4.75 mm IS strainer, is known as…

What Is Corrosion? Corrosion is a native method that transforms pure metals into a robust synthetic form like oxide or hydroxide. It is the constant of metal because of artificial action with their enclosing. It degrades and erodes the metals by listless their power, looks, and long-lasting factors. Materials will generally part into two sections…

What Is Hard Hat? Hard hats are one of the most important and essential accessories which are widely used on construction sites all over the world. Hard hats are designed in such a way that they will help to protect the head of the worker from any kind of injury. Construction sites are usually prone…

How Cement Is Made? This Portland cement is a fundamental component of concrete. Concrete is produced when portland cement makes a paste with water that joint with rock and sand to harden. Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminium, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement…